/* -*- Mode: C++ ; Coding: euc-japan -*- */
/* Time-stamp: <2014-07-30 00:56:44 cyamauch> */

/**
 * @file   fits_table.cc
 * @brief  ASCII or Binary Tableを持つ HDU を表現するクラス fits_table のコード
 */

#define CLASS_NAME "fits_table"

#include "config.h"

#include "fits_table.h"

#include <sli/sli_funcs.h>

#include "private/err_report.h"


namespace sli
{

#include "private/write_stream_or_get_csum.h"

static const long   DEFAULT_READ_BUFFER_SIZE  = 1048576;	/* 1MB */
static const size_t DEFAULT_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE = 1048576;	/* 1MB */

static const char *Field_keywords[] = {"TTYPE", "TALAS", "TELEM", "TUNIT",
				       "TDISP", "TFORM", "TBCOL", "TDIM", 
				       "TZERO", "TSCAL", "TNULL", NULL};

/**
 * @brief  size_type(mdarrayの型種別) からバイト長に変換 (内部用)
 *
 * @note   private な関数です．
 */
inline static size_t zt2bytes( ssize_t sz_type )
{
    if ( 0 <= sz_type ) return (size_t)sz_type;
    else {
        size_t ret = (size_t)((ssize_t)0 - sz_type);
        if ( ret % 2 != 0 ) ret++;              /* 複素数の場合 */
        return ret;
    }
}

/**
 * @brief  FITS型→mdarray型 変換テーブル (内部用)
 */
static long Type2zt[] = {
    /* 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f */
       0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
       0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
       0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
       0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
       0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
       0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
       0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
       0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
};

static const bool Needs_reverse_byte_order = Sli__byte_order_is_little_endian;
static const bool Needs_reverse_float_word_order = Sli__float_word_order_is_little_endian;

/**
 * @brief  FITS型→mdarray型 変換テーブルのセットアップ (内部用)
 *
 * @note   private な関数です．
 */
static void setup_type2zt()
{
    Type2zt[FITS::BYTE_T] = UCHAR_ZT;
    Type2zt[FITS::BOOL_T] = UCHAR_ZT;
    Type2zt[FITS::SHORT_T] = INT16_ZT;
    Type2zt[FITS::LONG_T] = INT32_ZT;
    Type2zt[FITS::LONGLONG_T] = INT64_ZT;
    Type2zt[FITS::FLOAT_T] = FLOAT_ZT;
    Type2zt[FITS::DOUBLE_T] = DOUBLE_ZT;
    Type2zt[FITS::COMPLEX_T] = FCOMPLEX_ZT;
    Type2zt[FITS::DOUBLECOMPLEX_T] = DCOMPLEX_ZT;
    return;
}

/* constructor */
/**
 * @brief  コンストラクタ
 */
fits_table::fits_table()
{
    this->row_size_rec = 0;
    this->col_size_rec = 0;
    this->cols_rec.init(sizeof(fits_table_col *), true);
    this->cols_rec.register_extptr(&this->cols_ptr_rec);	/* [void **] */
    this->default_null_svalue_rec = "NULL";

    this->heap_rec.init(1, false);
    this->heap_rec.set_auto_resize(false);
    this->heap_rec.register_extptr(&this->heap_ptr_rec);	/* [void **] */
    this->reserve_length_rec = 0;

    this->shallow_copy_ok = false;
    this->shallow_copy_dest_obj = NULL;
    this->shallow_copy_src_obj = NULL;
    this->__copying = false;

    setup_type2zt();

    if ( this->classlevel() < 1 ) this->increase_classlevel();
    this->set_hdutype(FITS::BINARY_TABLE_HDU);

    return;
}

/* copy constructor */
/**
 * @brief  コピーコンストラクタ
 */
fits_table::fits_table(const fits_table &obj)
{
    this->row_size_rec = 0;
    this->col_size_rec = 0;
    this->cols_rec.init(sizeof(fits_table_col *), true);
    this->cols_rec.register_extptr(&this->cols_ptr_rec);	/* [void **] */
    this->default_null_svalue_rec = "NULL";

    this->heap_rec.init(1, false);
    this->heap_rec.set_auto_resize(false);
    this->heap_rec.register_extptr(&this->heap_ptr_rec);	/* [void **] */
    this->reserve_length_rec = 0;

    this->shallow_copy_ok = false;
    this->shallow_copy_dest_obj = NULL;
    this->shallow_copy_src_obj = NULL;
    this->__copying = false;

    setup_type2zt();

    if ( this->classlevel() < 1 ) this->increase_classlevel();
    this->set_hdutype(FITS::BINARY_TABLE_HDU);

    this->init(obj);

    return;
}

/* destructor */
/**
 * @brief  デストラクタ
 */
fits_table::~fits_table()
{
    if ( this->cols_ptr_rec != NULL ) {
	long i;
	for ( i=0 ; i < this->col_size_rec ; i++ ) {
	    if ( this->cols_ptr_rec[i] != NULL ) {
		delete this->cols_ptr_rec[i];
	    }
	}
    }

    return;
}

/**
 * @brief  オブジェクトのコピー
 */
fits_table &fits_table::operator=(const fits_table &obj)
{
    this->init(obj);
    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  オブジェクトの初期化
 */
fits_table &fits_table::init()
{
    this->fits_hdu::init();

    /* init ... */
    if ( this->cols_ptr_rec != NULL ) {
	long i;
	for ( i=0 ; i < this->col_size_rec ; i++ ) {
	    if ( this->cols_ptr_rec[i] != NULL ) {
		delete this->cols_ptr_rec[i];
	    }
	}
	this->cols_rec.init(sizeof(fits_table_col *), true);
    }

    this->index_rec.init();
    this->default_null_svalue_rec = "NULL";

    this->heap_rec.init(1, false);
    this->heap_rec.set_auto_resize(false);
    this->reserve_length_rec = 0;

    this->user_fld_kwd_rec.init();

    this->row_size_rec = 0;
    this->col_size_rec = 0;

    /* setup system header of this HDU */
    this->setup_sys_header();

    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  オブジェクトのコピー
 */
fits_table &fits_table::init( const fits_table &obj )
{
    if ( &obj == this ) return *this;

    this->fits_table::init();
    this->fits_hdu::init(obj);

    /* 引数には fits_table クラスしか来ないハズだが一応チェック */
    if ( 1 <= obj.classlevel() && 
	 ( obj.hdutype() == FITS::BINARY_TABLE_HDU || 
	   obj.hdutype() == FITS::ASCII_TABLE_HDU ) ) {
	const fits_table &obj1 = (const fits_table &)obj;
	/* cols_rec をコピー */
	if ( obj1.cols_ptr_rec != NULL ) {
	    long i;
	    try {
		this->cols_rec.resize( obj1.col_size_rec +1 ).clean();
	    }
	    catch (...) {
		this->fits_hdu::init();
		err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","cols_rec.resize() failed");
	    }
	    this->col_size_rec = obj1.col_size_rec;
	    try {
		for ( i=0 ; i < obj1.col_size_rec ; i++ ) {
		    if ( obj1.cols_ptr_rec[i] != NULL ) {
			this->cols_ptr_rec[i] = new fits_table_col;
			*(this->cols_ptr_rec[i]) = *(obj1.cols_ptr_rec[i]);
			this->cols_ptr_rec[i]->register_manager(this);
		    }
		}
	    }
	    catch (...) {
		this->fits_table::init();
		this->fits_hdu::init();
		err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","new or '=' failed");
	    }
	}
	this->row_size_rec = obj1.row_size_rec;
	/* heap_rec をコピー */
	try {
	    this->heap_rec.init(obj1.heap_rec);
	    this->reserve_length_rec = obj1.reserve_length_rec;
	}
	catch (...) {
	    this->fits_table::init();
	    this->fits_hdu::init();
	    err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","this->heap_rec.init() failed");
	}
	/* index_rec をコピー */
	try {
	    this->index_rec = obj1.index_rec;
	    this->default_null_svalue_rec = obj1.default_null_svalue_rec;
	    this->user_fld_kwd_rec = obj1.user_fld_kwd_rec;
	}
	catch (...) {
	    this->fits_table::init();
	    this->fits_hdu::init();
	    err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","'=' failed");
	}
	this->set_hdutype(obj.hdutype());
    }

    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  オブジェクトの初期化 (fits::table_def でテーブルの定義をセット)
 */
fits_table &fits_table::init( const fits::table_def defs[] )
{
    this->init();

    this->append_cols(defs);

    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  オブジェクトの初期化 (fits::table_def_all でテーブルの定義をセット)
 */
fits_table &fits_table::init( const fits::table_def_all defs[] )
{
    this->init();

    this->append_cols(defs);

    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  アスキーテーブルをバイナリテーブルに変換
 *
 *  FITSファイル上のアスキーテーブルの TFORMn の値 (fits::table_def 構造体の
 *  tdisp メンバの値) は，バイナリテーブルとして保存される時には TFORMn の
 *  コメント部分に保存されます．TNULLn の値も，TNULLn のコメント部分に保存され
 *  ます(値は未定義となります)．
 *
 * @return  自身の参照
 */
fits_table &fits_table::ascii_to_binary()
{
    long idx;

    if ( this->hdutype() == FITS::ASCII_TABLE_HDU ) {
	fits_header &hdr_r = this->header_rec;

	/* update internal attribute */
	this->set_hdutype(FITS::BINARY_TABLE_HDU);
	idx = hdr_r.index("XTENSION");
	if ( 0 <= idx && hdr_r.record(idx).svalue_cs().strcmp("TABLE") == 0 ) {
	    hdr_r.record(idx).assign_default_comment();
	}

	/* setup system header of this HDU */
	this->setup_sys_header();
    }

    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  2つのオブジェクト間での内容のスワップ
 *
 *  指定されたオブジェクトobj の内容と自身の内容を入れ替えます．
 *  データ配列・ヘッダの内容，属性等すべての状態が入れ替わります．
 *
 * @param   obj fits_table クラスのオブジェクト
 * @return  自身の参照    
 */
fits_table &fits_table::swap( fits_table &obj )
{
    long tmp_row_size_rec = obj.row_size_rec;
    long tmp_col_size_rec = obj.col_size_rec;
    long long tmp_reserve_length_rec = obj.reserve_length_rec;

    if ( &obj == this ) return *this;

    obj.row_size_rec = this->row_size_rec;
    obj.col_size_rec = this->col_size_rec;
    obj.reserve_length_rec = this->reserve_length_rec;

    this->row_size_rec = tmp_row_size_rec;
    this->col_size_rec = tmp_col_size_rec;
    this->reserve_length_rec = tmp_reserve_length_rec;

    this->cols_rec.swap(obj.cols_rec);
    this->index_rec.swap(obj.index_rec);
    this->default_null_svalue_rec.swap(obj.default_null_svalue_rec);
    this->heap_rec.swap(obj.heap_rec);
    this->user_fld_kwd_rec.swap(obj.user_fld_kwd_rec);

    fits_hdu::swap(obj);

    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  カラム名からカラムの番号を取得
 */
long fits_table::col_index( const char *col_name ) const
{
    return this->index_rec.index(col_name,0);
}

/**
 * @brief  カラムの番号からカラム名を取得
 */
const char *fits_table::col_name( long col_index ) const
{
    if ( col_index < 0 || this->col_size_rec <= col_index ) {
	return NULL;
    }
    return this->cols_ptr_rec[col_index]->def_rec.ttype;
}

/**
 * @brief  カラム名を設定
 */
fits_table &fits_table::assign_col_name( long col_index, const char *newname )
{
    fits::table_def_all def = {NULL};
    def.ttype = newname;
    return this->define_a_col(col_index, def);
}

/**
 * @brief  カラム名を設定
 */
fits_table &fits_table::assign_col_name( const char *col_name, 
					 const char *newname )
{
    fits::table_def_all def = {NULL};
    def.ttype = newname;
    return this->define_a_col(col_name, def);
}

/**
 * @brief  NULL文字列の設定
 *
 *  fits_table_col::svalue()，fits_table_col::assign( const char *, ... ) で
 *  使用する NULL 文字列値を設定します．<br>
 *  NULL文字列の初期設定値は "NULL" です．
 *
 * @param   snull NULL文字列
 * @return  自身の参照
 */
fits_table &fits_table::assign_null_svalue( const char *snull )
{
    if ( snull != NULL ) {
	long i;
	this->default_null_svalue_rec.assign(snull);
	for ( i=0 ; i < this->col_size_rec ; i++ ) {
	    this->col(i).assign_null_svalue(snull);
	}
    }
    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  新規に追加するカラムについての NULL文字列の設定
 *
 *  fits_table::append_cols() や fits_table::init( const fits::table_def [] )
 *  で新規に作られるカラムについての NULL文字列を設定します．<br>
 *  NULL文字列の初期設定値は "NULL" です．
 */
fits_table &fits_table::assign_default_null_svalue( const char *snull )
{
    if ( snull != NULL ) this->default_null_svalue_rec.assign(snull);
    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  新規に追加するカラムについての NULL文字列を返す
 */
const char *fits_table::default_null_svalue() const
{
    return this->default_null_svalue_rec.cstr();
}

/**
 * @brief  カラムの入れ替え
 *
 *  col_name0 で指定されたカラムから num_cols 個のカラム群を，col_name1 で指定
 *  されたカラムから num_cols 個のカラム群と入れ替えます．<br>
 *  num_cols によって，2つのカラム群が重なる場合は，num_cols の値を減らして入れ
 *  替えを行ないます．
 *
 * @param   col_name0 入れ替え元を示すカラム名
 * @param   num_cols 入れ替えるカラム数
 * @param   col_name1 入れ替え先を示すカラム名
 * @return  自身の参照
 */
fits_table &fits_table::swap_cols( const char *col_name0, long num_cols,
				   const char *col_name1 )
{
    return this->swap_cols(this->col_index(col_name0), num_cols,
			   this->col_index(col_name1));
}

/**
 * @brief  カラムの入れ替え
 *
 *  index0 で指定されたカラムから num_cols 個のカラム群を，index1 で指定
 *  されたカラムから num_cols 個のカラム群と入れ替えます．<br>
 *  num_cols によって，2つのカラム群が重なる場合は，num_cols の値を減らして入れ
 *  替えを行ないます．
 *
 * @param   index0 入れ替え元を示すカラムインデックス
 * @param   num_cols 入れ替えるカラム数
 * @param   index1 入れ替え先を示すカラムインデックス
 * @return  自身の参照
 */
fits_table &fits_table::swap_cols( long index0, long num_cols, long index1 )
{
    long i;
    long hdr_dummy_offset;

    if ( index0 < 0 || this->col_size_rec <= index0 ) goto quit; /* invalid */
    if ( index1 < 0 || this->col_size_rec <= index1 ) goto quit; /* invalid */
    if ( num_cols < 0 ) goto quit;	/* invalid */

    if ( index1 == index0 || num_cols == 0 ) {
	goto quit;
    }
    else if ( index1 < index0 ) {
	long tmp;
	tmp = index0;
	index0 = index1;
	index1 = tmp;
    }

    /* 領域が重ならないようにする */
    if ( index1 < index0 + num_cols ) {		/* fixed 2012-01-30 */
	num_cols = index1 - index0;
    }
    if ( this->col_size_rec < index1 + num_cols ) {
	num_cols = this->col_size_rec - index1;
    }

    //err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"DEBUG","index0 = %ld",index0);
    //err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"DEBUG","index1 = %ld",index1);
    //err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"DEBUG","num_cols = %ld",num_cols);

    /* temporary number to swap header records */
    hdr_dummy_offset = this->col_size_rec;

    /* swap one by one */
    for ( i=0 ; i < num_cols ; i++ ) {
	fits_table_col *colp;
	int s;
	size_t j;

	/* update internal CtIndex [index0] */
	colp = this->cols_ptr_rec[index0 + i];
	s = this->index_rec.update(colp->definition().ttype,
				   index0 + i, index1 + i);
	if ( s < 0 ) {
	    err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL",
		      "Internal ERROR: index_rec.update() failed");
	}
	for ( j=0 ; j < colp->talas.length() ; j++ ) {
	    s = this->index_rec.update(colp->talas.cstr(j),
				       index0 + i, index1 + i);
	    if ( s < 0 ) {
	    	err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL",
			  "Internal ERROR: index_rec.update() failed");
	    }
	}

	/* update internal CtIndex [index1] */
	colp = this->cols_ptr_rec[index1 + i];
	s = this->index_rec.update(colp->definition().ttype,
				   index1 + i, index0 + i);
	if ( s < 0 ) {
	    err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL",
		      "Internal ERROR: index_rec.update() failed");
	}
	for ( j=0 ; j < colp->talas.length() ; j++ ) {
	    s = this->index_rec.update(colp->talas.cstr(j),
				       index1 + i, index0 + i);
	    if ( s < 0 ) {
	    	err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL",
			   "Internal ERROR: index_rec.update() failed");
	    }
	}

	/* 実際に交換する */
	colp = this->cols_ptr_rec[index0 + i];
	this->cols_ptr_rec[index0 + i] = this->cols_ptr_rec[index1 + i];
	this->cols_ptr_rec[index1 + i] = colp;

	/* update system header of this HDU */
	this->renumber_hdr_of_a_col(index0 + i, hdr_dummy_offset + i);
	this->renumber_hdr_of_a_col(index1 + i, index0 + i);
	this->renumber_hdr_of_a_col(hdr_dummy_offset + i, index1 + i);
    }

    /* update TBCOL, if required */
    this->update_tbcol_hdr();

 quit:
    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  カラムの消去
 *
 * @param   index0 消去開始位置を示すカラムインデックス
 * @param   num_cols 消去するカラム数
 * @return  自身の参照
 */
fits_table &fits_table::erase_cols( long index0, long num_cols )
{
    long i, num_rm;
    long idx_to_rm;

    /* check args */
    if ( index0 < 0 || this->col_size_rec <= index0 ) {
	goto quit;	/* invalid */
    }
    if ( this->col_size_rec < index0 + num_cols ) {
	num_cols = this->col_size_rec - index0;
    }
    if ( num_cols < 0 ) {
	goto quit;	/* invalid */
    }
    if ( num_cols == 0 ) {
	goto quit;
    }

    num_rm = 0;
    idx_to_rm = index0;
    /* まず削除された状態を作る */
    for ( i=0 ; i < num_cols ; i++ ) {
	fits_table_col *colp = this->cols_ptr_rec[idx_to_rm];
	if ( colp == NULL ||
	     colp->is_protected() == false ) {
	    long sz;
	    if ( colp != NULL ) {
		/* index を削除 */
		size_t j;
		int s;
		s = this->index_rec.erase(colp->definition().ttype,
					  idx_to_rm + num_rm);
		if ( s < 0 ) {
		    err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL",
			       "this->index_rec.erase() failed");
		}
		for ( j=0 ; j < colp->talas.length() ; j++ ) {
		    s = this->index_rec.erase(colp->talas.cstr(j),
					      idx_to_rm + num_rm);
		    if ( s < 0 ) {
			err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL",
				  "this->index_rec.erase() failed");
		    }
		}
		/* 本体を削除 */
		delete colp;
	    }
	    /* NULL の部分も含めて移動 */
	    sz = this->col_size_rec - idx_to_rm - num_rm;
	    this->cols_rec.move(idx_to_rm + 1, sz, idx_to_rm, false);

	    /* update system header of this HDU */
	    this->erase_hdr_of_a_col(idx_to_rm + num_rm);

	    num_rm ++;
	}
	else {
	    /* index を張りなおす */
	    size_t j;
	    int s;
	    s = this->index_rec.update(colp->definition().ttype,
				       idx_to_rm + num_rm, idx_to_rm);
	    if ( s < 0 ) {
	    	err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL",
			  "Internal ERROR: index_rec.update() failed");
	    }
	    for ( j=0 ; j < colp->talas.length() ; j++ ) {
		s = this->index_rec.update(colp->talas.cstr(j),
					   idx_to_rm + num_rm, idx_to_rm);
		if ( s < 0 ) {
		    err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL",
			      "Internal ERROR: index_rec.update() failed");
		}
	    }
	    err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"WARNING","column '%s' is protected; "
			"cannot erase", colp->definition().ttype);

	    /* update system header of this HDU */
	    this->renumber_hdr_of_a_col(idx_to_rm + num_rm, idx_to_rm);

	    idx_to_rm ++;
	}
    }
    this->col_size_rec -= num_rm;

    /* index を張りなおす */
    for ( i=idx_to_rm ; i < this->col_size_rec ; i++ ) {
	fits_table_col *colp = this->cols_ptr_rec[i];
	if ( colp != NULL ) {
	    size_t j;
	    int s;
	    s = this->index_rec.update( colp->definition().ttype,
					i + num_rm, i );
	    if ( s < 0 ) {
	    	err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL",
			  "Internal ERROR: index_rec.update() failed");
	    }
	    for ( j=0 ; j < colp->talas.length() ; j++ ) {
		s = this->index_rec.update(colp->talas.cstr(j),
					   i + num_rm, i);
		if ( s < 0 ) {
		    err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL",
			      "Internal ERROR: index_rec.update() failed");
		}
	    }
	}

	/* update system header of this HDU */
	this->renumber_hdr_of_a_col(i + num_rm, i);

    }

    /* update TBCOL, if required */
    this->update_tbcol_hdr();

    /* update NAXIS1 and TFIELD */
    this->update_hdr_of_col_props();

    /* アドレステーブルを狭める */
    try {
	this->cols_rec.resize(this->col_size_rec + 1);
    }
    catch (...) {
	err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","cols_rec.resize() failed");
    }

 quit:
    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  カラムの消去
 *
 * @param   col_name 消去開始位置を示すカラム名
 * @param   num_cols 消去するカラム数
 * @return  自身の参照
 */
fits_table &fits_table::erase_cols( const char *col_name, long num_cols )
{
    return this->erase_cols(this->col_index(col_name),num_cols);
}

/**
 * @brief  新しい行の追加
 *
 *  テーブルの最後に，num_rows 個の新しい行を追加します．<br>
 *  新しいセルには，デフォルト値がセットされます．デフォルト値の初期設定値は，
 *  論理型の場合は 'F'，文字列型の場合は ' ' からなる文字列，その他の型の場合は
 *  0 です．デフォルト値は fits_table_col::assign_default() メンバ関数で変更で
 *  きます．
 *
 * @param   num_rows 追加される行数
 * @return  自身の参照
 * @attention  可変長配列の場合，配列記述子に対する操作となります．
 */
fits_table &fits_table::append_rows( long num_rows )
{
    return this->resize_rows(this->row_size_rec + num_rows);
}

/**
 * @brief  テーブル行数の変更
 *
 *  新しいセルには，デフォルト値がセットされます．デフォルト値の初期設定値は，
 *  論理型の場合は 'F'，文字列型の場合は ' ' からなる文字列，その他の型の場合は
 *  0 です．デフォルト値は fits_table_col::assign_default() メンバ関数で変更で
 *  きます．
 *
 * @param   num_rows 変更後の行数
 * @return  自身の参照
 * @attention  可変長配列の場合，配列記述子に対する操作となります．
 */
fits_table &fits_table::resize_rows( long num_rows )
{
    long i;

    /* check args */
    if ( num_rows < 0 ) goto quit;	/* invalid */
    if ( this->row_size_rec == num_rows ) {
	goto quit;
    }

    /* resize rows of all columns */
    for ( i=0 ; i < this->col_size_rec ; i++ ) {
	if ( this->cols_ptr_rec[i] != NULL ) {
	    this->cols_ptr_rec[i]->_resize(num_rows);
	}
    }

    /* register */
    this->row_size_rec = num_rows;

    /* update NAXIS2 */
    this->update_hdr_of_row_props();

 quit:
    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  テーブルの行から行へのコピー
 *
 * @param   src_index コピー元を示す行インデックス
 * @param   num_rows コピーを行う行数
 * @param   dest_index コピー先を示す行インデックス
 * @return  自身の参照
 * @attention  可変長配列の場合，配列記述子に対する操作となります．
 */
fits_table &fits_table::move_rows( long src_index, long num_rows,
				   long dest_index )
{
    long i;
    if ( num_rows < 0 ) goto quit;	/* invalid */

    for ( i=0 ; i < this->col_size_rec ; i++ ) {
	if ( this->cols_ptr_rec[i] != NULL ) {
	    this->cols_ptr_rec[i]->move(src_index,num_rows,dest_index);
	}
    }

 quit:
    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  行と行との入れ替え
 *
 *  すべてのカラムにおいて，index0 で指定された行から num_rows 個の行を，index1
 *  で指定された行から num_cols 個の行と入れ替えます．<br>
 *  num_cols によって，重なる行がある場合は，num_cols の値を減らして入れ替えを
 *  行ないます．
 *
 * @param   index0 入れ替え元を示す行インデックス
 * @param   num_rows 入れ替えを行う行数
 * @param   index1 入れ替え先を示す行インデックス
 * @return  自身の参照
 * @attention  可変長配列の場合，配列記述子に対する操作となります．
 */
fits_table &fits_table::swap_rows( long index0, long num_rows,
				   long index1 )
{
    long i;
    if ( num_rows < 0 ) goto quit;	/* invalid */

    for ( i=0 ; i < this->col_size_rec ; i++ ) {
	if ( this->cols_ptr_rec[i] != NULL ) {
	    this->cols_ptr_rec[i]->swap(index0,num_rows,index1);
	}
    }

 quit:
    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  行の順序の反転
 *
 * @param   index 反転開始位置を示す行インデックス
 * @param   num_rows 反転される行数
 * @return  自身の参照
 * @attention  可変長配列の場合，配列記述子に対する操作となります．
 */
fits_table &fits_table::flip_rows( long index, long num_rows )
{
    long i;
    if ( num_rows < 0 ) goto quit;	/* invalid */

    for ( i=0 ; i < this->col_size_rec ; i++ ) {
	if ( this->cols_ptr_rec[i] != NULL ) {
	    this->cols_ptr_rec[i]->flip(index, num_rows);
	}
    }

 quit:
    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  行の消去
 *
 * @param   index 削除開始位置を示す行インデックス
 * @param   num_rows 削除される行数
 * @return  自身の参照
 * @attention  テーブルの横方向のバイト数と行数が大きく，かつ index が小さい
 *             ほど，メモリのコピー処理の実行コストが増大します．
 * @attention  可変長配列の場合，配列記述子に対する操作となります．
 */
fits_table &fits_table::erase_rows( long index, long num_rows )
{
    long i;

    /* check args */
    if ( num_rows < 0 ) goto quit;	/* invalid */
    
    /* erase rows of all columns */
    for ( i=0 ; i < this->col_size_rec ; i++ ) {
	if ( this->cols_ptr_rec[i] != NULL ) {
	    this->cols_ptr_rec[i]->_erase(index,num_rows);
	}
    }

    /* register */
    this->row_size_rec -= num_rows;

    /* update NAXIS2 */
    this->update_hdr_of_row_props();

 quit:
    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  全ての行のセルの値を初期化(デフォルト値をセット)
 *
 *  デフォルト値の初期設定値は，論理型の場合は 'F'，文字列型の場合は ' ' から
 *  なる文字列，その他の型の場合は 0 です．デフォルト値は 
 *  fits_table_col::assign_default() メンバ関数で変更できます．
 *
 * @return  自身の参照
 * @attention  可変長配列の場合，配列記述子に対する操作となります．
 */
fits_table &fits_table::clean_rows()
{
    return this->clean_rows(0,this->row_size_rec);
}

/**
 * @brief  一部の行のセルの値を初期化(デフォルト値をセット)
 *
 *  デフォルト値の初期設定値は，論理型の場合は 'F'，文字列型の場合は ' ' から
 *  なる文字列，その他の型の場合は 0 です．デフォルト値は 
 *  fits_table_col::assign_default() メンバ関数で変更できます．
 *
 * @param   index 初期化開始位置を示す行インデックス
 * @param   num_rows 初期化される行数
 * @return  自身の参照
 * @attention  可変長配列の場合，配列記述子に対する操作となります．
 */
fits_table &fits_table::clean_rows( long index, long num_rows )
{
    long i;
    if ( num_rows < 0 ) goto quit;	/* invalid */
    
    for ( i=0 ; i < this->col_size_rec ; i++ ) {
	if ( this->cols_ptr_rec[i] != NULL ) {
	    this->cols_ptr_rec[i]->clean(index,num_rows);
	}
    }

 quit:
    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  新しい行の挿入
 *
 *  新しいセルには，デフォルト値がセットされます．デフォルト値の初期設定値は，
 *  論理型の場合は 'F'，文字列型の場合は ' ' からなる文字列，その他の型の場合は
 *  0 です．デフォルト値は fits_table_col::assign_default() メンバ関数で変更で
 *  きます．
 *
 * @param   index 挿入位置を示す行インデックス
 * @param   num_rows 挿入される行数
 * @return  自身の参照
 * @attention  テーブルの横方向のバイト数と行数が大きく，かつ index が小さい
 *             ほど，メモリのコピー処理の実行コストが増大します．
 * @attention  可変長配列の場合，配列記述子に対する操作となります．
 */
fits_table &fits_table::insert_rows( long index, long num_rows )
{
    long i;

    /* check args */
    if ( num_rows < 0 ) goto quit;	/* invalid */

    /* insert rows for all columns */
    for ( i=0 ; i < this->col_size_rec ; i++ ) {
	if ( this->cols_ptr_rec[i] != NULL ) {
	    this->cols_ptr_rec[i]->_insert(index,num_rows);
	}
    }

    /* register */
    this->row_size_rec += num_rows;

    /* update NAXIS2 */
    this->update_hdr_of_row_props();

 quit:
    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  テーブルのインポート
 *
 *  テーブルオブジェクト from の idx_begin から num_rows 個の行を，dest_index
 *  で指定された行から num_rows 個の行へインポートします．インポートは，すべて
 *  のカラムが対象です．<br>
 *  from のそれぞれのカラムを，当該オブジェクトのどのカラムへ割り当てるかは，
 *  match_by_name で決めます．match_by_name が true の場合，カラム名が一致する
 *  ものを探し，一致すればインポートします．match_by_name が false の場合，カラ
 *  ム番号 0 から順にインポートします．<br>
 *  from の持つカラムと当該オブジェクトの持つカラムの型は，一致している必要はあ
 *  りません．一致しない場合は，値を変換してインポートします．
 *
 * @param   dest_index インポート先の行インデックス
 * @param   match_by_name インポート時のカラム名一致フラグ
 * @param   from インポート元のテーブルオブジェクト
 * @param   idx_begin インポート元の行インデックス
 * @param   num_rows インポートを行う行数
 * @return  自身の参照
 * @note  インポート先(自身)の行数の変更は行ないません．行の欠損なくインポート
 *        するには，あらかじめ十分な行数を確保しておく必要があります．
 * @attention  可変長配列はサポートされていません．
 */
fits_table &fits_table::import_rows(long dest_index, bool match_by_name,
				    const fits_table &from, 
				    long idx_begin, long num_rows )
{
    long idx0;

    /* check args */
    if ( num_rows == FITS::ALL )
	num_rows = from.row_length() - idx_begin;

    if ( dest_index < 0 || this->row_size_rec <= dest_index || 
	 num_rows < 0 || idx_begin < 0 ) {
	goto quit;	/* invalid */
    }

    if ( from.row_length() <= idx_begin ) {
	goto quit;	/* invalid */
    }
    if ( num_rows == 0 ) {
	goto quit;
    }

    if ( this->row_size_rec < dest_index + num_rows ) {
	num_rows = this->row_size_rec - dest_index;
    }
    if ( from.row_length() < idx_begin + num_rows ) {
	num_rows = from.row_length() - idx_begin;
    }

    /* import */
    for ( idx0 = 0 ; idx0 < this->col_size_rec ; idx0++ ) {
	long idx1 = idx0;
	if ( match_by_name == true ) {
	    idx1 = from.col_index(this->col(idx0).definition().ttype);
	}
	/* match_by_name == false の時，idx1 が大きくなりすぎる事がある */
	if ( idx1 < 0 || from.col_length() <= idx1 ) continue;

	fits_table_col &col0
	    = *(this->cols_ptr_rec[idx0]);
	const fits_table_col &col1
	    = *(from.cols_ptr_rec[idx1]);

	/* note: this rejects variable length array */
	col0.import(dest_index, col1, idx_begin, num_rows);
    }

 quit:
    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  1個の新しい行の追加
 *
 * @attention  可変長配列の場合，配列記述子に対する操作となります．
 */
fits_table &fits_table::append_a_row()
{
    return this->append_rows(1);
}

/**
 * @brief  1個の新しい行の挿入
 *
 * @param   index 挿入位置を示す行インデックス
 * @return  自身の参照
 * @attention  可変長配列の場合，配列記述子に対する操作となります．
 */
fits_table &fits_table::insert_a_row( long index )
{
    return this->insert_rows(index,1);
}

/**
 * @brief  1個の行の消去
 *
 * @param   index 削除位置を示す行インデックス
 * @return  自身の参照
 * @attention  可変長配列の場合，配列記述子に対する操作となります．
 */
fits_table &fits_table::erase_a_row( long index )
{
    return this->erase_rows(index,1);
}

/**
 * @brief  1個の行のセルの値を初期化(デフォルト値をセット)
 *
 *  デフォルト値の初期設定値は，論理型の場合は 'F'，文字列型の場合は ' ' から
 *  なる文字列，その他の型の場合は 0 です．デフォルト値は 
 *  fits_table_col::assign_default() メンバ関数で変更できます．
 *
 * @param   index 初期化位置を示す行インデックス
 * @return  自身の参照
 * @attention  可変長配列の場合，配列記述子に対する操作となります．
 */
fits_table &fits_table::clean_a_row( long index )
{
    return this->clean_rows(index,1);
}

/**
 * @brief  メインテーブル用メモリ確保方法の設定を変更 (カラム毎の設定)
 *
 *  メインテーブル用メモリを確保する時に，どのような方法で行なうかを決定します．
 *  次の 3 つから選択します．<br>
 *    "min", "auto"  ... 最小限を確保．リサイズ時に必ずrealloc()が呼ばれる<br>
 *    "pow"  ... 2のn乗で確保<br>
 *    NULL，他 ... 現在の方法を維持
 *
 * @param   strategy メモリ確保方法の設定
 * @return  自身の参照
 *
 */
fits_table &fits_table::set_alloc_strategy_of_rows( const char *strategy )
{
    long i;
    for ( i=0 ; i < this->col_length() ; i++ ) {
	this->col(i).set_alloc_strategy(strategy);
    }
    return *this;
}


/* protected */
/**
 * @brief  カラムの追加 (低レベル)
 *
 * @param   defs fits::table_def_all 構造体の配列 ({NULL}で終端)
 * @return  自身の参照
 * @note   このメンバ関数は protected です．
 */
fits_table &fits_table::_append_cols( const fits::table_def_all defs[] )
{
    fits_table_col *tmp_rec_ptr;
    long num_defs, i;
    long begin_index = this->col_size_rec;

    /* check args */
    if ( defs == NULL ) goto quit;
    for ( num_defs=0 ; defs[num_defs].ttype != NULL ; num_defs++ );
    if ( num_defs == 0 ) goto quit;

    /* アドレステーブルを広げる */
    try {
	this->cols_rec.resize(this->col_size_rec + num_defs + 1);
    }
    catch (...) {
	err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","cols_rec.resize() failed");
    }

    /* 1つ1つ new する */
    for ( i=0 ; i < num_defs ; i++ ) {
	size_t j;
	int s;
	//err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"DEBUG","appending... %ld",i);
	try {
	    tmp_rec_ptr = new fits_table_col;
	}
	catch (...) {
	    err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","'new' failed");
	}
	try {
	    tmp_rec_ptr->register_manager(this);
	    tmp_rec_ptr->_define(defs[i]);
	    tmp_rec_ptr->assign_null_svalue(this->default_null_svalue());
	}
	catch (...) {
	    delete tmp_rec_ptr;
	    err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","tmp_rec_ptr->_define() failed");
	}
	if ( 0 <= this->index_rec.index(tmp_rec_ptr->definition().ttype,0) ) {
	    err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"WARNING",
		 "duplicated column name (ttype) '%s' is appended",
			tmp_rec_ptr->definition().ttype);
	}
	s = this->index_rec.append( tmp_rec_ptr->definition().ttype,
				    begin_index + i );
	if ( s < 0 ) {
	    delete tmp_rec_ptr;
	    err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","this->index_rec.append() failed");
	}
	for ( j=0 ; j < tmp_rec_ptr->talas.length() ; j++ ) {
	    s = this->index_rec.append( tmp_rec_ptr->talas.cstr(j),
					begin_index + i );
	    if ( s < 0 ) {
		delete tmp_rec_ptr;
		err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","index_rec.append() failed");
	    }
	}

	/* ASCII テーブルに適合しない場合は BINARY に属性変更 */
	if ( tmp_rec_ptr->type() != FITS::STRING_T )
	    this->set_hdutype(FITS::BINARY_TABLE_HDU);
	else {
	    if ( tmp_rec_ptr->dcol_length() != 1 )
		this->set_hdutype(FITS::BINARY_TABLE_HDU);
	    if ( tmp_rec_ptr->elem_length() != 1 )
		this->set_hdutype(FITS::BINARY_TABLE_HDU);
	}

	/* register! */
	this->cols_ptr_rec[begin_index + i] = tmp_rec_ptr;
	tmp_rec_ptr = NULL;

	this->col_size_rec ++;
    }

    /* row サイズを調整する */
    for ( i=0 ; i < num_defs ; i++ ) {
	if ( this->cols_ptr_rec[begin_index + i] != NULL ) {
	    this->cols_ptr_rec[begin_index + i]->_resize(this->row_size_rec);
	}
    }

 quit:
    return *this;
}

/* public */
/**
 * @brief  カラムの追加 (fits::table_def_all 構造体で指定)
 *
 * @param   defs fits::table_def_all 構造体の配列 ({NULL}で終端)
 * @return  自身の参照
 */
fits_table &fits_table::append_cols( const fits::table_def_all defs[] )
{
    long num_defs, i;
    long begin_index = this->col_size_rec;

    /* check args */
    if ( defs == NULL ) goto quit;
    for ( num_defs=0 ; defs[num_defs].ttype != NULL ; num_defs++ );
    if ( num_defs == 0 ) goto quit;

    /* */
    this->_append_cols(defs);

    /* setup column header */
    for ( i=0 ; i < num_defs ; i++ ) {
	this->update_hdr_of_a_col(begin_index + i, NULL, NULL);
    }

    /* update TBCOL, if required */
    this->update_tbcol_hdr();

    /* update NAXIS1 and TFIELD */
    this->update_hdr_of_col_props();

 quit:
    return *this;
}

/* public */
/**
 * @brief  カラムの追加 (fits::table_def 構造体で指定)
 *
 * @param   defs fits::table_def 構造体の配列 ({NULL}で終端)
 * @return  自身の参照
 */
fits_table &fits_table::append_cols( const fits::table_def defs[] )
{
    long i, num_defs = 0;
    fits::table_def_all *p;
    mdarray drec(sizeof(fits::table_def_all), true, (void *)(&p));

    if ( defs == NULL ) {
	goto quit;
    }

    for ( num_defs=0 ; defs[num_defs].ttype != NULL ; num_defs++ );

    if ( num_defs == 0 ) {
	goto quit;
    }

    drec.resize(num_defs + 1);

    for ( i=0 ; i < num_defs ; i++ ) {
	p[i].ttype         = defs[i].ttype;
	p[i].ttype_comment = defs[i].ttype_comment;
	p[i].talas         = defs[i].talas;
	p[i].talas_comment = NULL;
	p[i].telem         = defs[i].telem;
	p[i].telem_comment = NULL;
	p[i].tunit         = defs[i].tunit;
	p[i].tunit_comment = defs[i].tunit_comment;
	p[i].tdisp         = defs[i].tdisp;
	p[i].tdisp_comment = NULL;
	p[i].tform         = defs[i].tform;
	p[i].tform_comment = NULL;
	p[i].tdim          = defs[i].tdim;
	p[i].tdim_comment  = NULL;
	p[i].tnull         = defs[i].tnull;
	p[i].tnull_comment = NULL;
	p[i].tzero         = defs[i].tzero;
	p[i].tzero_comment = NULL;
	p[i].tscal         = defs[i].tscal;
	p[i].tscal_comment = NULL;
    }
    p[i].ttype = NULL;	/* term */

    this->append_cols(p);

 quit:
    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  カラムの追加とセル値のコピー
 *
 *  src の持つカラムの定義で自身に新規カラムを追加し，セル値をコピー
 *  します．<br>
 *  自身の行数が十分でない場合はすべての行がコピーされません．
 *
 * @param   src コピー元となるカラムを持つオブジェクト
 * @return  自身の参照
 */
fits_table &fits_table::append_cols( const fits_table &src )
{
    long i;
    long col_len = src.col_length();	/* &src == this でも良いように */

    for ( i=0 ; i < col_len ; i++ ) {
	this->append_a_col(src.col_cs(i));
    }

    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  カラムの挿入 (fits::table_def 構造体で指定)
 *
 * @param   index0 挿入位置を示すカラムインデックス
 * @param   defs fits::table_def 構造体の配列 ({NULL}で終端)
 * @return  自身の参照
 */
fits_table &fits_table::insert_cols( long index0, const fits::table_def defs[] )
{
    long i, num_defs = 0;
    fits::table_def_all *p;
    mdarray drec(sizeof(fits::table_def_all), true, (void *)(&p));

    if ( defs == NULL ) {
	goto quit;
    }

    for ( num_defs=0 ; defs[num_defs].ttype != NULL ; num_defs++ );

    if ( num_defs == 0 ) {
	goto quit;
    }

    drec.resize(num_defs + 1);

    for ( i=0 ; i < num_defs ; i++ ) {
	p[i].ttype         = defs[i].ttype;
	p[i].ttype_comment = defs[i].ttype_comment;
	p[i].talas         = defs[i].talas;
	p[i].talas_comment = NULL;
	p[i].telem         = defs[i].telem;
	p[i].telem_comment = NULL;
	p[i].tunit         = defs[i].tunit;
	p[i].tunit_comment = defs[i].tunit_comment;
	p[i].tdisp         = defs[i].tdisp;
	p[i].tdisp_comment = NULL;
	p[i].tform         = defs[i].tform;
	p[i].tform_comment = NULL;
	p[i].tdim          = defs[i].tdim;
	p[i].tdim_comment  = NULL;
	p[i].tnull         = defs[i].tnull;
	p[i].tnull_comment = NULL;
	p[i].tzero         = defs[i].tzero;
	p[i].tzero_comment = NULL;
	p[i].tscal         = defs[i].tscal;
	p[i].tscal_comment = NULL;
    }
    p[i].ttype = NULL;	/* term */

    this->insert_cols(index0, p);

 quit:
    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  カラムの挿入 (fits::table_def_all 構造体で指定)
 *
 * @param   index0 挿入位置を示すカラムインデックス
 * @param   defs fits::table_def_all 構造体の配列 ({NULL}で終端)
 * @return  自身の参照
 */
fits_table &fits_table::insert_cols( long index0, const fits::table_def_all defs[] )
{
    fits_table_col *tmp_rec_ptr;
    long num_defs, i;

    /* check args */
    if ( index0 < 0 || this->col_size_rec < index0 ) {
	goto quit;	/* invalid */
    }
    if ( defs == NULL ) {
	goto quit;
    }
    if ( this->col_size_rec == index0 ) {
	return this->append_cols(defs);
    }
    for ( num_defs=0 ; defs[num_defs].ttype != NULL ; num_defs++ );
    if ( num_defs == 0 ) {
	goto quit;
    }

    /* アドレステーブルを広げる */
    try {
	this->cols_rec.resize(this->col_size_rec + num_defs + 1);
    }
    catch (...) {
	err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","cols_rec.resize() failed");
    }

    /* 1つ1つ new する */
    for ( i=0 ; i < num_defs ; i++ ) {
	int s;
	long j;
	size_t k;
	try {
	    tmp_rec_ptr = new fits_table_col;
	}
	catch (...) {
	    err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","'new' failed");
	}
	try {
	    tmp_rec_ptr->register_manager(this);
	    tmp_rec_ptr->_define(defs[i]);
	    tmp_rec_ptr->assign_null_svalue(this->default_null_svalue());
	}
	catch (...) {
	    delete tmp_rec_ptr;
	    err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL"," tmp_rec_ptr->_define() failed");
	}
	if ( 0 <= this->index_rec.index(tmp_rec_ptr->definition().ttype,0) ) {
	    err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"WARNING",
			"duplicated column name (ttype) '%s' is inserted",
			tmp_rec_ptr->definition().ttype);
	}
	/* ずらして(終端のNULLの分も)，隙間に登録する */
	this->cols_rec.move(index0 + i, this->col_size_rec - i - index0 + 1,
			    index0 + i + 1, false);
	this->cols_ptr_rec[index0 + i] = tmp_rec_ptr;
	this->col_size_rec ++;

	/* ずらしたところの index を作りなおす */
	for ( j = index0 + i + 1 ; j < this->col_size_rec ; j++ ) {
	    fits_table_col *colp = this->cols_ptr_rec[j];
	    s = this->index_rec.update(colp->definition().ttype, j-1, j);
	    if ( s < 0 ) {
		err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL",
			  "Internal ERROR: index_rec.update() failed");
	    }
	    for ( k=0 ; k < colp->talas.length() ; k++ ) {
		s = this->index_rec.update(colp->talas.cstr(k), j-1, j);
		if ( s < 0 ) {
		    err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL",
			      "Internal ERROR: index_rec.update() failed");
		}
	    }
	}

	/* insert したやつのインデックスを作成する */
	s = this->index_rec.append(tmp_rec_ptr->definition().ttype, index0 +i);
	if ( s < 0 ) {
	    err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","index_rec.append() failed");
	}
	for ( k=0 ; k < tmp_rec_ptr->talas.length() ; k++ ) {
	    s = this->index_rec.append(tmp_rec_ptr->talas.cstr(k),index0+i);
	    if ( s < 0 ) {
		err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","index_rec.append() failed");
	    }
	}

	/* ASCII テーブルに適合しない場合は BINARY に属性変更 */
	if ( tmp_rec_ptr->type() != FITS::STRING_T )
	    this->set_hdutype(FITS::BINARY_TABLE_HDU);
	else {
	    if ( tmp_rec_ptr->dcol_length() != 1 )
		this->set_hdutype(FITS::BINARY_TABLE_HDU);
	    if ( tmp_rec_ptr->elem_length() != 1 )
		this->set_hdutype(FITS::BINARY_TABLE_HDU);
	}
    }

    /* row サイズを調整する */
    for ( i=0 ; i < num_defs ; i++ ) {
	if ( this->cols_ptr_rec[index0 + i] != NULL ) {
	    this->cols_ptr_rec[index0 + i]->_resize(this->row_size_rec);
	}
    }

    /* adjust header */
    for ( i = this->col_size_rec ; index0 + num_defs < i ; ) {
	i --;
	/* renumber header */
	this->renumber_hdr_of_a_col(i - num_defs, i);
	//err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"DEBUG","renumber : %ld", i - num_defs);
	//err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"DEBUG","        -> %ld", i);
	//{
	//    long j;
	//    for ( j=0 ; j < this->header_length() ; j++ ) {
	//	err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"DEBUG","HDR: %s", 
	//		    this->header(j).keyword());
	//    }
	//}
    }
    for ( i = index0 ; i < index0 + num_defs ; i++ ) {
	/* update a column header */
	this->update_hdr_of_a_col(i, NULL, NULL);
	//err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"DEBUG","update : %ld", i);
    }

    /* update TBCOL, if required */
    this->update_tbcol_hdr();

    /* update NAXIS1 and TFIELD */
    this->update_hdr_of_col_props();

 quit:
    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  カラムの挿入 (fits::table_def 構造体で指定)
 *
 * @param   col_name 挿入位置を示すカラム名
 * @param   defs fits::table_def 構造体の配列 ({NULL}で終端)
 * @return  自身の参照
 */
fits_table &fits_table::insert_cols( const char *col_name, 
				     const fits::table_def defs[] )
{
    return this->insert_cols(this->col_index(col_name),defs);
}

/**
 * @brief  カラムの挿入 (fits::table_def_all 構造体で指定)
 *
 * @param   col_name 挿入位置を示すカラム名
 * @param   defs fits::table_def_all 構造体の配列 ({NULL}で終端)
 * @return  自身の参照
 */
fits_table &fits_table::insert_cols( const char *col_name, 
				     const fits::table_def_all defs[] )
{
    return this->insert_cols(this->col_index(col_name),defs);
}

/**
 * @brief  カラムの挿入とセル値のコピー
 *
 *  src の持つカラムの定義で自身に新規カラムを挿入し，セル値をコピー
 *  します．<br>
 *  自身の行数が十分でない場合はすべての行がコピーされません．
 *
 * @param   index0 挿入位置を示すカラムインデックス
 * @param   src コピー元となるカラムを持つオブジェクト
 * @return  自身の参照
 */
fits_table &fits_table::insert_cols( long index0, const fits_table &src )
{
    long i;
    const fits_table_col **atbl_ptr;
    mdarray atbl(sizeof(const fits_table_col *), true, &atbl_ptr); /* [void **] */
    long col_len = src.col_length();

    /* &src == this でも良いように */
    atbl.resize(col_len);
    for ( i=0 ; i < col_len ; i++ ) {
	const fits_table_col &ref = src.col_cs(i);
	atbl_ptr[i] = &ref;
    }

    for ( i=col_len ; 0 < i ; ) {
	i--;
	this->insert_a_col(index0, *(atbl_ptr[i]));
    }

    return *this;
    
}

/**
 * @brief  カラムの挿入とセル値のコピー
 *
 *  src の持つカラムの定義で自身に新規カラムを挿入し，セル値をコピー
 *  します．<br>
 *  自身の行数が十分でない場合はすべての行がコピーされません．
 *
 * @param   col_name 挿入位置を示すカラム名
 * @param   src コピー元となるカラムを持つオブジェクト
 * @return  自身の参照
 */
fits_table &fits_table::insert_cols( const char *col_name, 
				     const fits_table &src )
{
    return this->insert_cols(this->col_index(col_name),src);
}


/* public */
/**
 * @brief  1個のカラムを追加 (fits::table_def 構造体で指定)
 *
 * @param   def fits::table_def 構造体
 * @return  自身の参照
 */
fits_table &fits_table::append_a_col( const fits::table_def &def )
{
    const fits::table_def defs[] = { def, {NULL} };

    return this->append_cols(defs);
}

/**
 * @brief  1個のカラムを追加 (fits::table_def_all 構造体で指定)
 *
 * @param   def fits::table_def_all 構造体
 * @return  自身の参照
 */
fits_table &fits_table::append_a_col( const fits::table_def_all &def )
{
    const fits::table_def_all defs[] = { def, {NULL} };

    return this->append_cols(defs);
}

/**
 * @brief  1個のカラムの追加とセル値のコピー
 *
 *  src の持つカラムの定義で自身に新規カラムを追加し，セル値をコピー
 *  します．<br>
 *  自身の行数が十分でない場合はすべての行がコピーされません．
 *
 * @param   src コピー元となるカラムを持つオブジェクト
 * @return  自身の参照
 */
fits_table &fits_table::append_a_col( const fits_table_col &src )
{
    const fits::table_def_all defs[] = { src.definition_all(), {NULL} };
    long old_ncol = this->col_length();
    this->append_cols(defs);
    if ( old_ncol < this->col_length() ) {
	long idx = this->col_length() - 1;
	size_t sz0 = this->col(idx).elem_byte_length() * this->col(idx).length();
	size_t sz1 = src.elem_byte_length() * src.length();
	this->col(idx).data_rec.putdata( src.data_ptr_cs(),
					 sz0 < sz1 ? sz0 : sz1 );
    }
    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  1個のカラムの挿入 (fits::table_def 構造体で指定)
 *
 * @param   col_index 挿入位置を示すカラムインデックス
 * @param   def fits::table_def 構造体
 * @return  自身の参照
 */
fits_table &fits_table::insert_a_col( long col_index, 
				      const fits::table_def &def )
{
    const fits::table_def defs[] = { def, {NULL} };

    return this->insert_cols(col_index,defs);
}

/**
 * @brief  1個のカラムの挿入 (fits::table_def_all 構造体で指定)
 *
 * @param   col_index 挿入位置を示すカラムインデックス
 * @param   def fits::table_def_all 構造体
 * @return  自身の参照
 */
fits_table &fits_table::insert_a_col( long col_index, 
				      const fits::table_def_all &def )
{
    const fits::table_def_all defs[] = { def, {NULL} };

    return this->insert_cols(col_index,defs);
}

/**
 * @brief  1個のカラムの挿入とセル値のコピー
 *
 *  src の持つカラムの定義で自身に新規カラムを挿入し，セル値をコピー
 *  します．<br>
 *  自身の行数が十分でない場合はすべての行がコピーされません．
 *
 * @param   col_index 挿入位置を示すカラムインデックス
 * @param   src コピー元となるカラムを持つオブジェクト
 * @return  自身の参照
 */
fits_table &fits_table::insert_a_col( long col_index, 
				      const fits_table_col &src )
{
    const fits::table_def_all defs[] = { src.definition_all(), {NULL} };
    long old_ncol = this->col_length();
    this->insert_cols(col_index,defs);
    if ( old_ncol < this->col_length() ) {
	long idx;
	if ( this->col_length() <= col_index ) idx = this->col_length() - 1;
	else if ( col_index < 0 ) idx = 0;
	else idx = col_index;
	size_t sz0 = this->col(idx).elem_byte_length() * this->col(idx).length();
	size_t sz1 = src.elem_byte_length() * src.length();
	this->col(idx).data_rec.putdata( src.data_ptr_cs(),
					 sz0 < sz1 ? sz0 : sz1 );
    }
    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  1個のカラムの挿入とセル値のコピー
 *
 *  src の持つカラムの定義で自身に新規カラムを挿入し，セル値をコピー
 *  します．<br>
 *  自身の行数が十分でない場合はすべての行がコピーされません．
 *
 * @param   col_name 挿入位置を示すカラム名
 * @param   src コピー元となるカラムを持つオブジェクト
 * @return  自身の参照
 */
fits_table &fits_table::insert_a_col( const char *col_name, 
				      const fits_table_col &src )
{
    return this->insert_a_col(this->col_index(col_name),src);
}

/**
 * @deprecated 非推奨．<br>
 * fits_table &fits_table::put_a_col( long, const fits_table_col & ) <br>
 * をお使いください．
 */
fits_table &fits_table::paste_a_col( long col_index, 
				     const fits_table_col &src )
{
    const fits::table_def &def = src.definition();
    /* check args */
    if ( col_index < 0 || this->col_size_rec <= col_index ) {
	goto quit;	/* invalid */
    }
    this->define_a_col(col_index, def);
    {
	long idx = col_index;
	size_t sz0 = this->col(idx).elem_byte_length() * this->col(idx).length();
	size_t sz1 = src.elem_byte_length() * src.length();
	this->col(idx).data_rec.putdata( src.data_ptr_cs(),
					 sz0 < sz1 ? sz0 : sz1 );
    }
 quit:
    return *this;
}

/**
 * @deprecated 非推奨．<br>
 * fits_table &fits_table::put_a_col(const char *, const fits_table_col &) <br>
 * をお使いください．
 */
fits_table &fits_table::paste_a_col( const char *col_name, 
				     const fits_table_col &src)
{
    return this->paste_a_col(this->col_index(col_name),src);
}

/**
 * @brief  1個のカラムの挿入 (fits::table_def 構造体で指定)
 *
 * @param   col_name 挿入位置を示すカラム名
 * @param   def fits::table_def 構造体
 * @return  自身の参照
 */
fits_table &fits_table::insert_a_col( const char *col_name, 
				      const fits::table_def &def )
{
    const fits::table_def defs[] = { def, {NULL} };

    return this->insert_cols(this->col_index(col_name),defs);
}

/**
 * @brief  1個のカラムの挿入 (fits::table_def_all 構造体で指定)
 *
 * @param   col_name 挿入位置を示すカラム名
 * @param   def fits::table_def_all 構造体
 * @return  自身の参照
 */
fits_table &fits_table::insert_a_col( const char *col_name, 
				      const fits::table_def_all &def )
{
    const fits::table_def_all defs[] = { def, {NULL} };

    return this->insert_cols(this->col_index(col_name),defs);
}

/**
 * @brief  1個のカラムの消去
 *
 * @param   col_index 消去位置を示すカラムインデックス
 * @return  自身の参照
 */
fits_table &fits_table::erase_a_col( long col_index )
{
    return this->erase_cols(col_index,1);
}

/**
 * @brief  1個のカラムの消去
 *
 * @param   col_name 消去位置を示すカラム名
 * @return  自身の参照
 */
fits_table &fits_table::erase_a_col( const char *col_name )
{
    return this->erase_cols(this->col_index(col_name),1);
}

/**
 * @brief  カラムの定義の変更 (fits::table_def 構造体で指定)
 *
 *  col_index で示されたカラムの定義を変更します．<br>
 *  設定を変更したくない項目については，def のメンバに NULL をセットします．
 *
 * @param   col_index カラムインデックス
 * @param   def カラム定義
 * @return  自身の参照
 */
fits_table &fits_table::define_a_col( long col_index, 
				      const fits::table_def &def )
{
    fits::table_def_all def_all;

    def_all.ttype         = def.ttype;
    def_all.ttype_comment = def.ttype_comment;
    def_all.talas         = def.talas;
    def_all.talas_comment = NULL;
    def_all.telem         = def.telem;
    def_all.telem_comment = NULL;
    def_all.tunit         = def.tunit;
    def_all.tunit_comment = def.tunit_comment;
    def_all.tdisp         = def.tdisp;
    def_all.tdisp_comment = NULL;
    def_all.tform         = def.tform;
    def_all.tform_comment = NULL;
    def_all.tdim          = def.tdim;
    def_all.tdim_comment  = NULL;
    def_all.tnull         = def.tnull;
    def_all.tnull_comment = NULL;
    def_all.tzero         = def.tzero;
    def_all.tzero_comment = NULL;
    def_all.tscal         = def.tscal;
    def_all.tscal_comment = NULL;

    return this->define_a_col(col_index, def_all);
}

/**
 * @brief  カラムの定義の変更 (fits::table_def_all 構造体で指定)
 *
 *  col_index で示されたカラムの定義を変更します．<br>
 *  設定を変更したくない項目については，def のメンバに NULL をセットします．
 *
 * @param   col_index カラムインデックス
 * @param   def カラム定義
 * @return  自身の参照
 */
fits_table &fits_table::define_a_col( long col_index, 
				      const fits::table_def_all &def )
{
    //err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"DEBUG","called!! col_index = %ld",col_index);
    tstring old_ttype;
    tarray_tstring old_talas;
    bool updated;

    /* check args */
    if ( col_index < 0 || this->col_size_rec <= col_index ) {
	goto quit;	/* invalid */
    }

    /* 元のカラム名(本名，aliases)を保存する */
    old_ttype.assign(this->col(col_index).definition().ttype);
    //old_talas.assign(this->col(col_index).definition().talas);
    if ( this->col(col_index).definition().talas != NULL ) {
	if (this->col(col_index).definition().talas[0] == '\0' ) {
	    old_talas.resize(0);
	}
	else {
	    old_talas.explode(this->col(col_index).definition().talas,",",true);
	    old_talas.trim();
	}
    }

    /* カラムの定義を変更する */
    if ( this->cols_ptr_rec[col_index] != NULL ) {
	this->cols_ptr_rec[col_index]->_define(def);
    }

    /* カラム名が変わっていれば，インデックスを変更する */
    if ( old_ttype.strcmp(this->col(col_index).definition().ttype) != 0 ) {
	if ( this->index_rec.erase(old_ttype.cstr(),col_index) < 0 ) {
	    err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","this->index_rec.erase() failed");
	}
	if ( this->index_rec.append(this->col(col_index).definition().ttype,
				    col_index) < 0 ) {
	    err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","this->index_rec.append() failed");
	}
    }

    /* TALAS に変更がかかってないかチェックする */
    updated = true;
    if ( old_talas.length() == this->cols_ptr_rec[col_index]->talas.length() ) {
	size_t i;
	for ( i=0 ; i < old_talas.length() ; i++ ) {
	    if ( old_talas.at(i).strcmp(
			  this->cols_ptr_rec[col_index]->talas.cstr(i)) != 0 ) {
		break;
	    }
	}
	if ( i == old_talas.length() ) updated = false;
    }
    if ( updated != false ) {
	size_t i;
	for ( i=0 ; i < old_talas.length() ; i++ ) {
	    if ( this->index_rec.erase(old_talas.cstr(i),col_index) < 0 ) {
		err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","index_rec.erase() failed");
	    }
	}
	for ( i=0 ; i < this->cols_ptr_rec[col_index]->talas.length() ; i++ ) {
	    if ( this->index_rec.append(
		 this->cols_ptr_rec[col_index]->talas.cstr(i),col_index) < 0 ) {
		err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","index_rec.append() failed");
	    }
	}
    }

    /* ASCII テーブルに適合しない場合は BINARY に属性変更 */
    if ( this->cols_ptr_rec[col_index]->type() != FITS::STRING_T )
	this->set_hdutype(FITS::BINARY_TABLE_HDU);
    else {
	if ( this->cols_ptr_rec[col_index]->dcol_length() != 1 )
	    this->set_hdutype(FITS::BINARY_TABLE_HDU);
	if ( this->cols_ptr_rec[col_index]->elem_length() != 1 )
	    this->set_hdutype(FITS::BINARY_TABLE_HDU);
    }

    /* update column header */
    this->update_hdr_of_a_col(col_index, NULL, NULL);

    /* update TBCOL, if required */
    this->update_tbcol_hdr();

    /* update NAXIS1 and TFIELD */
    this->update_hdr_of_col_props();

 quit:
    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  カラムの定義の変更 (fits::table_def 構造体で指定)
 *
 *  col_name で示されたカラムの定義を変更します．<br>
 *  設定を変更したくない項目については，def のメンバに NULL をセットします．
 *
 * @param   col_name カラム名
 * @param   def カラム定義
 * @return  自身の参照
 */
fits_table &fits_table::define_a_col( const char *col_name, 
				      const fits::table_def &def )
{
    return this->define_a_col(this->col_index(col_name),def);
}

/**
 * @brief  カラムの定義の変更 (fits::table_def_all 構造体で指定)
 *
 *  col_name で示されたカラムの定義を変更します．<br>
 *  設定を変更したくない項目については，def のメンバに NULL をセットします．
 *
 * @param   col_name カラム名
 * @param   def カラム定義
 * @return  自身の参照
 */
fits_table &fits_table::define_a_col( const char *col_name, 
				      const fits::table_def_all &def )
{
    return this->define_a_col(this->col_index(col_name),def);
}

/**
 * @brief  ユーザ定義のカラムキーワードのポインタ配列を取得
 */
const char *const *fits_table::user_col_keywords() const
{
    return this->user_fld_kwd_rec.cstrarray();
}

/**
 * @brief  ユーザ定義のカラムキーワードを保存しているオブジェクトの参照を取得
 */
const tarray_tstring &fits_table::user_col_keywords_cs() const
{
    return this->user_fld_kwd_rec;
}

/**
 * @brief  引数のキーワードがユーザ定義のカラムキーワードかどうかを返す
 */
bool fits_table::is_user_col_keyword( const char *kwd ) const
{
    tstring ckeywd;
    size_t spn;

    /* check args */
    if ( kwd == NULL ) return false;

    ckeywd.assign(kwd);
    spn = ckeywd.strrspn("0123456789#");
    if ( ckeywd.length() <= spn ) return false;
    ckeywd.resize( ckeywd.length() - spn );

    if ( this->user_fld_kwd_rec.find_elem(ckeywd) < 0 ) return false;
    else return true;
}

/**
 * @brief  ユーザ定義のカラムキーワードを1つ追加
 */
fits_table &fits_table::append_a_user_col_keyword( const char *kwd )
{
    if ( this->user_fld_kwd_rec.find_elem(kwd) < 0 ) {
	fits_header_record dummy;
	tstring new_ckeywd;
	size_t spn;

	/* filter and check kwd */
	dummy.assign(kwd,"","");
	new_ckeywd = dummy.keyword();
	if ( 0 < (spn=new_ckeywd.strrspn("#")) ) {
	    new_ckeywd.resize(new_ckeywd.length() - spn);
	}
	if ( new_ckeywd.length() == 0 ||
	     0 < new_ckeywd.strrspn("0123456789") ) {
	    err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR",
			"new column keyword '%s' is invalid",kwd);
	    goto quit;
	}
	this->user_fld_kwd_rec.append(new_ckeywd,1);
    }
 quit:
    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  ユーザ定義のカラムキーワードを1つ削除
 */
fits_table &fits_table::erase_a_user_col_keyword( const char *kwd )
{
    ssize_t i;
    if ( 0 <= (i=this->user_fld_kwd_rec.find_elem(kwd)) ) {
	this->user_fld_kwd_rec.erase(i,1);
    }
    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  複数のユーザ定義のカラムキーワードを追加
 */
fits_table &fits_table::append_user_col_keywords( const char *const kwds[] )
{
    if ( kwds != NULL ) {
	size_t i;
	for ( i=0 ; kwds[i] != NULL ; i++ ) {
	    if ( this->user_fld_kwd_rec.find_elem(kwds[i]) < 0 ) {
		this->append_a_user_col_keyword(kwds[i]);
	    }
	}
    }
    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  複数のユーザ定義のカラムキーワードを削除
 */
fits_table &fits_table::erase_user_col_keywords( const char *const kwds[] )
{
    if ( kwds != NULL ) {
	size_t i;
	for ( i=0 ; kwds[i] != NULL ; i++ ) {
	    ssize_t j;
	    if ( 0 <= (j=this->user_fld_kwd_rec.find_elem(kwds[i])) ) {
		this->user_fld_kwd_rec.erase(j,1);
	    }
	}
    }
    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  指定されたカラム定義のヘッダレコードの番号を返す
 *
 * 例:  long idx = fits.table("EVENT").col_header_index("DATE", "TTYPE");
 */
long fits_table::col_header_index( const char *col_name, 
				   const char *kwd ) const
{
    return this->col_header_index(this->col_index(col_name), kwd);
}

/**
 * @brief  指定されたカラム定義のヘッダレコードの番号を返す
 */
long fits_table::col_header_index( long col_index, 
				   const char *kwd ) const
{
    const fits_header &hdr_rec = this->header_rec;
    long return_idx = -1;
    bool is_col_kwd;
    tstring keyword;
    size_t i;

    /* check args */
    if ( col_index < 0 || this->col_size_rec <= col_index ) {	/* invalid */
	goto quit;
    }
    if ( kwd == NULL ) goto quit;

    /* check kwd is reserved or user-defined */
    keyword = kwd;
    is_col_kwd = false;
    for ( i = 0 ; Field_keywords[i] != NULL ; i++ ) {
	if ( keyword.strcmp(Field_keywords[i]) == 0 ) {
	    is_col_kwd = true;
	    break;
	}
    }
    if ( is_col_kwd != true ) {
	for ( i=0 ; i < this->user_fld_kwd_rec.length() ; i++ ) {
	    if ( keyword.strcmp(this->user_fld_kwd_rec.cstr(i)) == 0 ) {
		is_col_kwd = true;
		break;
	    }
	}
    }

    if ( is_col_kwd == true ) {
	keyword.printf("%s%ld", kwd, col_index + 1);
	return_idx = hdr_rec.index(keyword.cstr());
    }

 quit:
    return return_idx;
}

/**
 * @brief  カラムの定義のヘッダレコードへの参照を取得
 *
 * 例:<br>
 *    printf("TTYPE of 'TIME' = %s\n", <br>
 *    fits.table("EVENT").col_header("TIME","TTYPE").svalue());
 */
fits_header_record &fits_table::col_header( const char *col_name, 
    					    const char *kwd )
{
    return this->col_header(this->col_index(col_name), kwd);
}

/**
 * @brief  カラムの定義のヘッダレコードへの参照を取得
 */
fits_header_record &fits_table::col_header( long col_index, 
    					    const char *kwd )
{
    long hdr_idx = this->col_header_index(col_index, kwd);
    if ( hdr_idx < 0 ) {	/* invalid */
	err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR", "invalid col_index or kwd");
    }
    else {
	fits_header &hdr_rec = this->header_rec;
	return hdr_rec.record(hdr_idx);
    }
}

#ifdef SLI__OVERLOAD_CONST_AT
/**
 * @brief  カラムの定義のヘッダレコードへの参照を取得 (読取専用)
 */
const fits_header_record &fits_table::col_header( const char *col_name, 
    						  const char *kwd ) const
{
    return this->col_header_cs(this->col_index(col_name), kwd);
}

/**
 * @brief  カラムの定義のヘッダレコードへの参照を取得 (読取専用)
 */
const fits_header_record &fits_table::col_header( long col_index, 
    						  const char *kwd ) const
{
    return this->col_header_cs(col_index, kwd);
}
#endif

/**
 * @brief  カラムの定義のヘッダレコードへの参照を取得 (読取専用)
 */
const fits_header_record &fits_table::col_header_cs( const char *col_name, 
    						     const char *kwd ) const
{
    return this->col_header_cs(this->col_index(col_name), kwd);
}

/**
 * @brief  カラムの定義のヘッダレコードへの参照を取得 (読取専用)
 */
const fits_header_record &fits_table::col_header_cs( long col_index, 
    						     const char *kwd ) const
{
    long hdr_idx = this->col_header_index(col_index, kwd);
    if ( hdr_idx < 0 ) {	/* invalid */
	err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR", "invalid col_index or kwd");
    }
    else {
	const fits_header &hdr_rec = this->header_rec;
	return hdr_rec.record_cs(hdr_idx);
    }
}

/**
 * @brief  ユーザ定義のカラムキーワードを全て削除
 */
fits_table &fits_table::erase_user_col_keywords()
{
    this->user_fld_kwd_rec.init();
    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  カラムの定義のヘッダレコードの更新
 *
 * 例:  fits.table("EVENT").update_col_header("TIME","TUNIT","s","unit");
 */
fits_table &fits_table::update_col_header( const char *col_name, 
			    const char *kwd, const char *val, const char *com )
{
    return this->update_col_header(this->col_index(col_name), kwd, val, com);
}

/**
 * @brief  カラムの定義のヘッダレコードの更新
 */
fits_table &fits_table::update_col_header( long col_index,
			    const char *kwd, const char *val, const char *com )
{
    fits_header &hdr_rec = this->header_rec;
    tstring keyword, ckeywd;
    fits_header_record dummy;
    tarray_tstring arr;
    size_t i;
    bool found;
    long idx, max_idx;
    size_t spn;

    /* check args */
    if ( col_index < 0 || this->col_size_rec <= col_index ) {	/* invalid */
	goto quit;
    }
    if ( kwd == NULL || ( val == NULL && com == NULL ) ) goto quit;

    /* filter and check kwd */
    dummy.assign(kwd, "", "");
    ckeywd = dummy.keyword();
    if ( 0 < (spn=ckeywd.strrspn("#")) ) {
	ckeywd.resize(ckeywd.length() - spn);
    }
    if ( ckeywd.length() == 0 || 0 < ckeywd.strrspn("0123456789") ) {
	err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR",
		    "column keyword '%s' is invalid",kwd);
	goto quit;
    }

    /* reserved keywords */
    found = false;
    for ( i = 0 ; Field_keywords[i] != NULL ; i++ ) {
	if ( ckeywd.strcmp(Field_keywords[i]) == 0 ) {
	    fits::table_def_all def = {NULL};
	    if      ( ckeywd == "TTYPE" ) {
		def.ttype = val;  def.ttype_comment = com;
	    }
	    else if ( ckeywd == "TDISP" && 
		      this->hdutype() != FITS::ASCII_TABLE_HDU ) {
		def.tdisp = val;  def.tdisp_comment = com;
	    }
	    else if ( ckeywd == "TFORM" &&
		      this->hdutype() != FITS::ASCII_TABLE_HDU ) {
		def.tform = val;  def.tform_comment = com;
	    }
	    else if ( ckeywd == "TUNIT" ) {
		def.tunit = val;  def.tunit_comment = com;
	    }
	    else if ( ckeywd == "TDIM" ) {
		def.tdim  = val;  def.tdim_comment = com;
	    }
	    else if ( ckeywd == "TZERO" ) {
		def.tzero = val;  def.tzero_comment = com;
	    }
	    else if ( ckeywd == "TSCAL" ) {
		def.tscal = val;  def.tscal_comment = com;
	    }
	    else if ( ckeywd == "TNULL" ) {
		def.tnull = val;  def.tnull_comment = com;
	    }
	    else if ( ckeywd == "TALAS" ) {
		//if ( val != NULL ) {
		//    arr.split(val, ",", true);
		//    def.talas = arr.cstrarray();  def.talas_comment = com;
		//}
		//else {
		//    def.talas = NULL;  def.talas_comment = com;
		//}
		def.talas = val;  def.talas_comment = com;
	    }
	    else if ( ckeywd == "TELEM" ) {
		//if ( val != NULL ) {
		//    arr.split(val, ",", true);
		//    def.telem = arr.cstrarray();  def.telem_comment = com;
		//}
		//else {
		//    def.telem = NULL;  def.telem_comment = com;
		//}
		def.telem = val;  def.telem_comment = com;
	    }
	    else {
		err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"WARNING",
			    "cannot update '%s' in this member function",kwd);
		goto quit;
	    }
	    found = true;
	    this->define_a_col(col_index, def);
	    break;
	}
    }

    if ( found == true ) goto quit;				/* OK */

    /* user keywords */
    found = false;
    for ( i=0 ; i < this->user_fld_kwd_rec.length() ; i++ ) {
	if ( ckeywd.strcmp(this->user_fld_kwd_rec.cstr(i)) == 0 ) {
	    found = true;
	    break;
	}
    }
    /* register new keyword, if not found */
    if ( found == false ) {
	this->user_fld_kwd_rec.append(ckeywd, 1);
    }

    /* actual keyword to set */
    keyword.printf("%s%ld", ckeywd.cstr(), col_index + 1);

    idx = hdr_rec.index(keyword.cstr());
    if ( 0 <= idx ) {
	hdr_rec.update(keyword.cstr(), val, com);
    }
    else {
	tstring tmp_kwd;
	/* search insert point */
	idx = 0;
	max_idx = 0;
	for ( i = 0 ; Field_keywords[i] != NULL ; i++ ) {
	    tmp_kwd.printf("%s%ld", Field_keywords[i], col_index + 1);
	    if ( 0 <= (idx = hdr_rec.index(tmp_kwd.cstr())) ) {
		if ( max_idx < idx ) max_idx = idx;
	    }
	}
	for ( i=0 ; i < this->user_fld_kwd_rec.length() ; i++ ) {
	    if ( this->user_fld_kwd_rec[i].strcmp(ckeywd) == 0 ) break;
	    tmp_kwd.printf("%s%ld", 
			   this->user_fld_kwd_rec.cstr(i), col_index + 1);
	    if ( 0 <= (idx = hdr_rec.index(tmp_kwd.cstr())) ) {
		if ( max_idx < idx ) max_idx = idx;
	    }
	}
	if ( 0 < max_idx ) idx = max_idx + 1;
	else idx = this->find_colhdr_insert_point(col_index);	/* fallback */
	/* insert new user keyword */
	hdr_rec.insert(idx, keyword.cstr(), val, com);
    }

 quit:
    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  ユーザ定義のカラム用ヘッダキーワードの名前
 *
 * 例:  fits.table("EVENT").rename_col_header("TLMAX","TMMAX");
 */
fits_table &fits_table::rename_col_header( const char *old_kwd, 
					   const char *new_kwd )
{
    fits_header &hdr_rec = this->header_rec;
    ssize_t ix;
    long i;
    tstring new_keyword, old_ckeywd, new_ckeywd;
    fits_header_record dummy;
    size_t spn;

    /* check old_kwd */
    dummy.assign(old_kwd, "", "");
    old_ckeywd = dummy.keyword();
    if ( 0 < (spn=old_ckeywd.strrspn("#")) ) {
	old_ckeywd.resize(old_ckeywd.length() - spn);
    }
    if ( old_ckeywd.length() == 0 ) {
	err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR",
		    "new column keyword '%s' is invalid",old_kwd);
	goto quit;
    }

    /* check args */
    ix = this->user_fld_kwd_rec.find_elem(old_ckeywd);
    if ( ix < 0 ) {
	err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"WARNING",
		    "column keyword '%s' is not defined",old_kwd);
	goto quit;
    }

    if ( new_kwd == NULL ) goto quit;

    /* check new_kwd */
    dummy.assign(new_kwd, "", "");
    new_ckeywd = dummy.keyword();
    if ( 0 < (spn=new_ckeywd.strrspn("#")) ) {
	new_ckeywd.resize(new_ckeywd.length() - spn);
    }
    if ( new_ckeywd.length() == 0 || 0 < new_ckeywd.strrspn("0123456789") ) {
	err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR",
		    "new column keyword '%s' is invalid",new_kwd);
	goto quit;
    }
    for ( i = 0 ; Field_keywords[i] != NULL ; i++ ) {
	if ( new_ckeywd.strcmp(Field_keywords[i]) == 0 ) {
	    err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR",
			"new column keyword '%s' is invalid",new_kwd);
	    goto quit;
	}
    }
    
    /* replace all */
    for ( i=0 ; i < this->col_size_rec ; i++ ) {
	long hdr_idx = this->col_header_index(i, old_ckeywd.cstr());
	if ( 0 <= hdr_idx ) {
	    new_keyword.printf("%s%ld", new_ckeywd.cstr(), i + 1);
	    hdr_rec.rename(hdr_idx, new_keyword.cstr());
	}
    }

    /* register */
    this->user_fld_kwd_rec[ix].assign(new_ckeywd);

 quit:
    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  カラムの定義のヘッダレコードの削除
 *
 * 例:  fits.table("EVENT").erase_col_header("TIME","TUNIT");
 */
fits_table &fits_table::erase_col_header( const char *col_name, 
					  const char *kwd )
{
    return this->erase_col_header(this->col_index(col_name), kwd);
}

/**
 * @brief  カラムの定義のヘッダレコードの削除
 */
fits_table &fits_table::erase_col_header( long col_index, 
					  const char *kwd )
{
    fits_header &hdr_rec = this->header_rec;
    tstring keyword, tmp_kwd;
    tarray_tstring arr;
    size_t i;
    long idx, j;
    bool found;

    /* check args */
    if ( col_index < 0 || this->col_size_rec <= col_index ) {	/* invalid */
	goto quit;
    }
    if ( kwd == NULL ) goto quit;

    keyword = kwd;

    /* reserved keywords */
    found = false;
    for ( i = 0 ; Field_keywords[i] != NULL ; i++ ) {
	if ( keyword.strcmp(Field_keywords[i]) == 0 ) {
	    fits::table_def_all def = {NULL};
	    if      ( keyword == "TTYPE" ) {
		def.ttype = "";  def.ttype_comment = "";
	    }
	    else if ( keyword == "TDISP" && 
		      this->hdutype() != FITS::ASCII_TABLE_HDU ) {
		def.tdisp = "";  def.tdisp_comment = "";
	    }
	    else if ( keyword == "TUNIT" ) {
		def.tunit = "";  def.tunit_comment = "";
	    }
	    else if ( keyword == "TDIM" ) {
		def.tdim  = "";  def.tdim_comment = "";
	    }
	    else if ( keyword == "TZERO" ) {
		def.tzero = "";  def.tzero_comment = "";
	    }
	    else if ( keyword == "TSCAL" ) {
		def.tscal = "";  def.tscal_comment = "";
	    }
	    else if ( keyword == "TNULL" ) {
		def.tnull = "";  def.tnull_comment = "";
	    }
	    else if ( keyword == "TALAS" ) {
		//arr.erase();
		//def.talas = arr.cstrarray();  def.talas_comment = "";
		def.talas = "";  def.talas_comment = "";
	    }
	    else if ( keyword == "TELEM" ) {
		//arr.erase();
		//def.telem = arr.cstrarray();  def.telem_comment = "";
		def.telem = "";  def.telem_comment = "";
	    }
	    else {
		err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"WARNING",
			    "cannot update '%s' in this member function",kwd);
		goto quit;
	    }
	    found = true;
	    this->define_a_col(col_index, def);
	    break;
	}
    }

    if ( found == true ) goto quit;				/* OK */

    /* actual keyword to erase */
    keyword.printf("%s%ld", kwd, col_index + 1);

    /* erase, if exists */
    idx = hdr_rec.index(keyword.cstr());
    if ( idx < 0 ) goto quit;
    hdr_rec.erase(idx);

    /* search keywords */
    found = false;
    for ( j=0 ; j < this->col_size_rec ; j++ ) {
	tmp_kwd.printf("%s%ld", kwd, j + 1);
	if ( 0 <= hdr_rec.index(tmp_kwd.cstr()) ) {
	    found = true;
	    break;
	}
    }

    /* erase user's list, if not found */
    if ( found == false ) {
	ssize_t ix;
	ix = this->user_fld_kwd_rec.find_elem(kwd);
	if ( 0 <= ix ) this->user_fld_kwd_rec.erase(ix,1);
    }

 quit:
    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  カラム用ヘッダキーワードをカラム順にソート
 */
fits_table &fits_table::sort_col_header()
{
    fits_header &hdr_rec = this->header_rec;
    long cursor, i;
    tstring tmp_kwd, tmp_val, tmp_com;

    this->header_set_sysrecords_prohibition(false);
    try {
	cursor = -1;
	/* loop for columns */
	for ( i=0 ; i < this->col_size_rec ; i++ ) {
	    size_t j;
	    /* loop for reserved keywords */
	    for ( j = 0 ; Field_keywords[j] != NULL ; j++ ) {
		long idx;
		tmp_kwd.printf("%s%ld", Field_keywords[j], i + 1);
		if ( 0 <= (idx = hdr_rec.index(tmp_kwd.cstr())) ) {
		    if ( cursor < 0 ) cursor = idx + 1;
		    else {
			if ( cursor != idx ) {
			    tmp_val = hdr_rec.record(idx).value();
			    tmp_com = hdr_rec.record(idx).comment();
			    hdr_rec.erase(idx);
			    if ( idx < cursor ) cursor --;
			    hdr_rec.insert(cursor, tmp_kwd.cstr(), 
					   tmp_val.cstr(), tmp_com.cstr());
			}
			cursor ++;
		    }
		}
	    }
	    /* loop for user's keywords */
	    for ( j=0 ; j < this->user_fld_kwd_rec.length() ; j++ ) {
		long idx;
		tmp_kwd.printf("%s%ld", this->user_fld_kwd_rec.cstr(j), i + 1);
		if ( 0 <= (idx = hdr_rec.index(tmp_kwd.cstr())) ) {
		    if ( cursor < 0 ) cursor = idx + 1;
		    else {
			if ( cursor != idx ) {
			    tmp_val = hdr_rec.record(idx).value();
			    tmp_com = hdr_rec.record(idx).comment();
			    hdr_rec.erase(idx);
			    if ( idx < cursor ) cursor --;
			    hdr_rec.insert(cursor, tmp_kwd.cstr(), 
					   tmp_val.cstr(), tmp_com.cstr());
			}
			cursor ++;
		    }
		}
	    }
	}
    }
    catch (...) {
	this->header_set_sysrecords_prohibition(true);
	err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","caught exception");
    }
    this->header_set_sysrecords_prohibition(true);

    return *this;
}


/* public */
/**
 * @brief  オブジェクトのコピー
 *
 * @attention  可変長配列はサポートされていません．
 */
void fits_table::copy( fits_table *dest ) const
{
    if ( dest != NULL ) this->copy(0L, FITS::ALL, dest);
    return;
}

/**
 * @brief  一部の行を別オブジェクトへコピー
 *
 * @attention  可変長配列はサポートされていません．
 */
void fits_table::copy( long idx_begin, long num_rows, fits_table *dest ) const
{
    long max_rows, i;
    if ( num_rows == FITS::ALL ) num_rows = this->row_length();

    if ( idx_begin < 0 ) idx_begin = 0;
    else if ( this->row_length() < idx_begin ) idx_begin = this->row_length();

    max_rows = this->row_length() - idx_begin;
    if ( num_rows < 0 ) num_rows = 0;
    else if ( max_rows < num_rows ) num_rows = max_rows;

    if ( dest != NULL ) {
	if ( dest != this ) {
	    dest->fits_table::init();
	    dest->fits_hdu::init(*this);
	    for ( i=0 ; i < this->col_length() ; i++ ) {
		dest->append_a_col(this->col_cs(i).definition());
	    }
	    dest->resize_rows(num_rows);
	    /* note: this rejects variable length array */
	    dest->import_rows(0,false,*this,idx_begin,num_rows);
	}
	else {
	    dest->resize_rows(idx_begin + num_rows);
	    dest->erase_rows(0, idx_begin);
	}
    }

    return;
}

/* not recommended */
/**
 * @deprecated 非推奨．<br>
 * void fits_table::copy( fits_table *dest ) const <br>
 * をお使いください．
 */
void fits_table::copy( fits_table &dest ) const
{
    this->copy(0L, FITS::ALL, &dest);
    return;
}

/* not recommended */
/**
 * @deprecated 非推奨．<br>
 * void fits_table::copy( long, long, fits_table * ) const <br>
 * をお使いください．
 */
void fits_table::copy( long idx_begin, long num_rows, fits_table &dest ) const
{
    this->copy(idx_begin, num_rows, &dest);
    return;
}

/* protected */
/**
 * @deprecated  使用禁止．
 * @note  このメンバ関数は protected です．
 */
void fits_table::copy( long idx_begin, fits_table *dest ) const
{
    this->copy(idx_begin, FITS::ALL, dest);
    return;
}

/**
 * @deprecated  使用禁止．
 * @note  このメンバ関数は protected です．
 */
void fits_table::copy( const char *name_begin, long num_rows, 
		       fits_table *dest ) const
{
    long idx;
    idx = this->col_index(name_begin);
    this->copy(idx, num_rows, dest);
    return;
}

/**
 * @deprecated  使用禁止．
 * @note  このメンバ関数は protected です．
 */
void fits_table::copy_cols( const char *const col_names[], 
			    fits_table *dest ) const
{
    long i;

    if ( dest != NULL ) {
	dest->init();
	dest->resize_rows(this->row_size_rec);
	if ( col_names != NULL ) {
	    for ( i=0 ; col_names[i] != NULL ; i++ ) {
		long j = this->col_index(col_names[i]);
		if ( 0 <= j ) {
		    dest->append_a_col(this->col_cs(j));
		}
	    }
	}
    }
    return;
}

/**
 * @deprecated  使用禁止．
 * @note  このメンバ関数は protected です．
 */
void fits_table::copy_cols( fits_table *dest,
			    const char *col0, ... ) const
{
    va_list ap;
    va_start(ap,col0);
    try {
	this->va_copy_cols(dest,col0,ap);
    }
    catch (...) {
	va_end(ap);
	err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","va_copy_cols() failed");
    }
    va_end(ap);

    return;
}

/**
 * @deprecated  使用禁止．
 * @note  このメンバ関数は protected です．
 */
void fits_table::va_copy_cols( fits_table *dest,
			       const char *col0, va_list ap ) const
{
    va_list aq;
    long i, num_cols;
    const char **col_names;
    mdarray col_names_rec(sizeof(*col_names), true, &col_names); /* [void **] */

    num_cols = 0;
    va_copy(aq, ap);
    if ( col0 != NULL ) {
	for ( num_cols = 1 ; ; num_cols++ ) {
	    const char *col = va_arg(aq,const char *);
	    if ( col == NULL ) break;
	}
    }
    va_end(aq);

    try {
	col_names_rec.resize(num_cols + 1);
    }
    catch ( ... ) {
	err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","col_names_rec.resize() failed");
    }

    i=0;
    col_names[i] = col0;
    if ( col0 != NULL ) {
	for ( i=1 ; i < num_cols ; i++ ) {
	    const char *col = va_arg(ap,const char *);
	    if ( col == NULL ) break;
	}
	col_names[i] = NULL;
    }

    this->copy_cols(col_names, dest);

    return;
}

/**
 * @deprecated  使用禁止．
 * @note  このメンバ関数は protected です．
 */
void fits_table::copy_cols( const long col_idxs[], long num_cols,
			    fits_table *dest ) const
{
    long i;

    if ( dest != NULL ) {
	dest->init();
	dest->resize_rows(this->row_size_rec);
	if ( col_idxs != NULL ) {
	    for ( i=0 ; i < num_cols ; i++ ) {
		long j = col_idxs[i];
		if ( 0 <= j && j < this->col_size_rec ) {
		    dest->append_a_col(this->col_cs(j));
		}
	    }
	}
    }
    return;
}

/**
 * @deprecated  使用禁止．
 * @note  このメンバ関数は protected です．
 */
void fits_table::copy_cols( fits_table *dest,
			    long num_cols, ... ) const
{
    va_list ap;
    va_start(ap,num_cols);
    try {
	this->va_copy_cols(dest,num_cols,ap);
    }
    catch (...) {
	va_end(ap);
	err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","va_copy_cols() failed");
    }
    va_end(ap);

    return;
}

/**
 * @deprecated  使用禁止．
 * @note  このメンバ関数は protected です．
 */
void fits_table::va_copy_cols( fits_table *dest,
			       long num_cols, va_list ap ) const
{
    long i;
    mdarray col_idxs(sizeof(long), true);

    if ( num_cols <= 0 )
	return this->copy_cols(dest,0L,(const long *)NULL);

    try {
	col_idxs.resize(num_cols);
    }
    catch ( ... ) {
	err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","col_idxs.resize() failed");
    }

    for ( i=0 ; i < num_cols ; i++ ) {
	long idx = va_arg(ap,long);
	col_idxs.l(i) = idx;
    }

    this->copy_cols((const long *)col_idxs.data_ptr_cs(), num_cols, dest);

    return;
}

/**
 * @brief  自身の管理下にある fits_table_col オブジェクトへの参照を返す
 */
fits_table_col &fits_table::col( long col_index )
{
    if ( col_index < 0 || this->col_size_rec <= col_index ) {
	err_throw1(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR","Invalid col_index: %ld",col_index);
    }
    return *(this->cols_ptr_rec[col_index]);
}

/**
 * @brief  自身の管理下にある fits_table_col オブジェクトへの参照を返す
 */
fits_table_col &fits_table::col( const char *col_name )
{
    long idx;
    if ( col_name == NULL ) {
	err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR","NULL col_name ... ?");
    }
    idx = this->col_index(col_name);
#if 1	/* これはあまり嬉しくないかもなぁ… */
    if ( idx < 0 ) {
	fits::table_def def = {col_name,"",NULL,NULL, NULL,NULL,NULL,"1A"};
	this->append_a_col(def);
	idx = this->col_index(col_name);
    }
#endif
    if ( idx < 0 ) {
	err_throw1(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR","column '%s' is not found",col_name);
    }
    return this->col( idx );
}

/**
 * @brief  fits_table_col オブジェクトへの参照を返す (printf()の記法)
 */
fits_table_col &fits_table::colf( const char *fmt, ... )
{
    va_list ap;
    va_start(ap,fmt);
    try {
	fits_table_col &ret = this->vcolf(fmt,ap);
	va_end(ap);
	return ret;
    }
    catch (...) {
	va_end(ap);
        err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","this->vcolf() failed");
    }
}

/**
 * @brief  fits_table_col オブジェクトへの参照を返す (printf()の記法)
 */
fits_table_col &fits_table::vcolf( const char *fmt, va_list ap )
{
    tstring buf;

    if ( fmt == NULL ) return this->col(fmt);

    buf.vprintf(fmt,ap);
    return this->col(buf.cstr());
}

#ifdef SLI__OVERLOAD_CONST_AT
/**
 * @brief  fits_table_col オブジェクトへの参照を返す (読取専用)
 */
const fits_table_col &fits_table::col( long col_index ) const
{
    return this->col_cs(col_index);
}

/**
 * @brief  fits_table_col オブジェクトへの参照を返す (読取専用)
 */
const fits_table_col &fits_table::col( const char *col_name ) const
{
    return this->col_cs(col_name);
}

/**
 * @brief  fits_table_col オブジェクトへの参照を返す (printf()の記法・読取専用)
 */
const fits_table_col &fits_table::colf( const char *fmt, ... ) const
{
    va_list ap;
    va_start(ap,fmt);
    try {
	const fits_table_col &ret = this->vcolf_cs(fmt,ap);
	va_end(ap);
	return ret;
    }
    catch (...) {
	va_end(ap);
        err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","this->vcolf_cs() failed");
    }
}

/**
 * @brief  fits_table_col オブジェクトへの参照を返す (printf()の記法・読取専用)
 */
const fits_table_col &fits_table::vcolf( const char *fmt, va_list ap ) const
{
    return this->vcolf_cs(fmt, ap);
}
#endif

/**
 * @brief  fits_table_col オブジェクトへの参照を返す (読取専用)
 */
const fits_table_col &fits_table::col_cs( long col_index ) const
{
    if ( col_index < 0 || this->col_size_rec <= col_index ) {
	err_throw1(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR","Invalid col_index: %ld",col_index);
    }
    return *(this->cols_ptr_rec[col_index]);
}

/**
 * @brief  fits_table_col オブジェクトへの参照を返す (読取専用)
 */
const fits_table_col &fits_table::col_cs( const char *col_name ) const
{
    long idx;
    if ( col_name == NULL ) {
	err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR","NULL col_name ... ?");
    }
    idx = this->col_index(col_name);
    return this->col_cs( idx );
}

/**
 * @brief  fits_table_col オブジェクトへの参照を返す (printf()の記法・読取専用)
 */
const fits_table_col &fits_table::colf_cs( const char *fmt, ... ) const
{
    va_list ap;
    va_start(ap,fmt);
    try {
	const fits_table_col &ret = this->vcolf_cs(fmt,ap);
	va_end(ap);
	return ret;
    }
    catch (...) {
	va_end(ap);
        err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","this->vcolf_cs() failed");
    }
}

/**
 * @brief  fits_table_col オブジェクトへの参照を返す (printf()の記法・読取専用)
 */
const fits_table_col &fits_table::vcolf_cs( const char *fmt, va_list ap ) const
{
    tstring buf;

    if ( fmt == NULL ) return this->col_cs(fmt);

    buf.vprintf(fmt,ap);
    return this->col_cs(buf.cstr());
}

/**
 * @brief  1個のカラムの上書き
 *
 *  指定されたカラムを src の持つカラムの定義で上書きし，セル値をコピー
 *  します．<br>
 *  自身の行数が十分でない場合はすべての行がコピーされません．
 *
 * @param   col_index 上書きされるカラムインデックス
 * @param   src コピー元となるカラムを持つオブジェクト
 * @return  自身の参照
 * @attention  可変長配列はサポートされていません．
 */
fits_table &fits_table::put_a_col( long col_index, const fits_table_col &src )
{
    if ( col_index < 0 || this->col_size_rec <= col_index ) {
	goto quit;	/* invalid */
    }

#if 0	/* ->init(src) で define_a_col() が呼ばれるので必要なし */
    /* 元のカラム名(本名，aliases)を保存する */
    tstring old_ttype;
    tarray_tstring old_talas;
    old_ttype.assign(this->col(col_index).definition().ttype);
    old_talas.assign( this->col(col_index).definition().talas );
#endif

    this->cols_ptr_rec[col_index]->init( src );
    this->cols_ptr_rec[col_index]->_resize( this->row_size_rec );

#if 0	/* ->init(col) で define_a_col() が呼ばれるので必要なし */
    /* カラム名が変わっていれば，インデックスを変更する */
    if ( old_ttype.strcmp(this->col(col_index).definition().ttype) != 0 ) {
	if ( this->index_rec.erase(old_ttype.cstr(),col_index) < 0 ) {
	    err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","this->index_rec.erase() failed");
	}
	if ( this->index_rec.append(this->col(col_index).definition().ttype,
				    col_index) < 0 ) {
	    err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","this->index_rec.append() failed");
	}
    }
    
    /* TALAS に変更がかかってないかチェックする */
    bool updated = true;
    if ( old_talas.length() == this->cols_ptr_rec[col_index]->talas.length() ) {
	size_t i;
	for ( i=0 ; i < old_talas.length() ; i++ ) {
	    if ( old_talas.at(i).strcmp(
			  this->cols_ptr_rec[col_index]->talas.cstr(i)) != 0 ) {
		break;
	    }
	}
	if ( i == old_talas.length() ) updated = false;
    }
    if ( updated != false ) {
	size_t i;
	for ( i=0 ; i < old_talas.length() ; i++ ) {
	    if ( this->index_rec.erase(old_talas.cstr(i),col_index) < 0 ) {
		err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","index_rec.erase() failed");
	    }
	}
	for ( i=0 ; i < this->cols_ptr_rec[col_index]->talas.length() ; i++ ) {
	    if ( this->index_rec.append(
		 this->cols_ptr_rec[col_index]->talas.cstr(i),col_index) < 0 ) {
		err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","index_rec.append() failed");
	    }
	}
    }
#endif

 quit:
    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  1個のカラムの上書き
 *
 *  指定されたカラムを src の持つカラムの定義で上書きし，セル値をコピー
 *  します．<br>
 *  自身の行数が十分でない場合はすべての行がコピーされません．
 *
 * @param   col_name 上書きされるカラム名
 * @param   src コピー元となるカラムを持つオブジェクト
 * @return  自身の参照
 * @attention  可変長配列はサポートされていません．
 */
fits_table &fits_table::put_a_col( const char *col_name, 
				   const fits_table_col &src )
{
    return this->put_a_col( this->col_index(col_name), src );
}

/**
 * @brief  可変長配列用のヒープデータを外部バッファへコピー
 *
 *  ヒープバッファはビッグエンディアンでデータが格納されているため，dest_buf に
 *  コピーされたデータは必要に応じてバイトオーダーを変換して使います．
 */
ssize_t fits_table::get_heap( void *dest_buf, size_t buf_size ) const
{
    return this->get_heap(0,dest_buf,buf_size);
}

/**
 * @brief  可変長配列用のヒープデータを外部バッファへコピー
 *
 *  ヒープバッファはビッグエンディアンでデータが格納されているため，dest_buf に
 *  コピーされたデータは必要に応じてバイトオーダーを変換して使います．
 */
ssize_t fits_table::get_heap( long offset, 
			      void *dest_buf, size_t buf_size ) const
{
    return this->heap_rec.getdata(dest_buf, buf_size, offset);
}

/**
 * @brief  外部バッファのデータを可変長配列用のヒープ領域にコピー
 *
 *  ヒープバッファはビッグエンディアンでデータが格納しなければならないため，
 *  応じてバイトオーダーを変換が必要です．バイトオーダーの変換は，あらかじめ
 *  src_buf で指定されるデータに対して行なう方法と，fits_table::put_heap() の
 *  後に fits_table::reverse_heap_endian() で行なう方法があります．
 */
ssize_t fits_table::put_heap( const void *src_buf, size_t buf_size )
{
    return this->put_heap(0,src_buf,buf_size);
}

/**
 * @brief  外部バッファのデータを可変長配列用のヒープ領域にコピー
 *
 *  ヒープバッファはビッグエンディアンでデータが格納しなければならないため，
 *  src_buf で指定されたデータは必要に応じてバイトオーダーを変換しておきます．
 */
ssize_t fits_table::put_heap( long offset, 
			      const void *src_buf, size_t buf_size )
{
    return this->heap_rec.putdata(src_buf, buf_size, offset);
}

/**
 * @brief  ヒープ領域の一部のバイトオーダを反転
 *
 *  オブジェクト内部のヒープバッファのアドレス offset から 始まるバイトデータ
 *  を，データ型を type とする長さ length の配列とみなし，必要に応じてその部分
 *  のバイトオーダを反転させます．<br>
 *  引数 type に指定できる値は次のとおりです: <br>
 *  FITS::SHORT_T，FITS::LONG_T，FITS::LONGLONG_T，FITS::FLOAT_T，
 *  FITS::DOUBLE_T，FITS::COMPLEX_T，FITS::DOUBLECOMPLEX_T．<br>
 *  バイトオーダの反転が行なわれるのは，指定されたデータ型の計算機におけるバイ
 *  トオーダが little-endian の場合です．逆に，big-endianの計算機においては，
 *  このメンバ関数は何もしません．
 *
 * @param   offset ヒープ上のアドレス(0-indexed，バイト単位)
 * @param   type 要素のデータ型
 * @param   length 要素の個数
 * @return  自身の参照
 */
fits_table &fits_table::reverse_heap_endian( long offset, 
					     int type, long length )
{
    long zt;

    if ( offset < 0 || length <= 0 ) goto quit;

    if ( type < 0 || (long)(sizeof(Type2zt)/sizeof(Type2zt[0])) <= type ) {
	err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"WARNING","invalid type: %d; ignored",type);
	goto quit;
    }
    zt = Type2zt[type];
    if ( zt == 0 ) {
	err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"WARNING","invalid type: %d; ignored",type);
	goto quit;
    }

    this->heap_rec.reverse_byte_order(false, zt, offset, zt2bytes(zt)*length);

 quit:
    return *this;
}


/**
 * @brief  ヒープ領域のサイズを変更
 */
fits_table &fits_table::resize_heap( size_t sz )
{
    this->heap_rec.resize(sz);
    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  Data Unit中の予約領域(Reserved Area)のバイトサイズを返す
 */
long long fits_table::reserved_area_length() const
{
    return this->reserve_length_rec;
}

/**
 * @brief  Data Unit中の予約領域(Reserved Area)のバイト長を変更
 */
fits_table &fits_table::resize_reserved_area( long long val )
{
    if ( 0 <= val ) this->reserve_length_rec = val;
    else {
	err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"WARNING",
		    "Invalid reserved area length %lld; ignored",val);
    }
    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  heap用メモリ確保方法の設定を変更 (カラム毎の設定)
 *
 *  heap用メモリを確保する時に，どのような方法で行なうかを決定します．
 *  次の 3 つから選択します．<br>
 *    "min", "auto"  ... 最小限を確保．リサイズ時に必ずrealloc()が呼ばれる<br>
 *    "pow"  ... 2のn乗で確保<br>
 *    NULL，他 ... 現在の方法を維持
 *
 * @param   strategy メモリ確保方法の設定
 * @return  自身の参照
 *
 */
fits_table &fits_table::set_alloc_strategy_of_heap( const char *strategy )
{
    this->heap_rec.set_alloc_strategy(strategy);
    return *this;
}


/**
 * @brief  shallow copy を許可する場合に使用 (未実装)
 * @note   一時オブジェクトの return の直前で使用する．
 */
/* 注意: 参照を返したいところだが，return 文でそれをやるとインスタンス */
/*       を2回コピーされるというおかしな事になるので void になっている */
void fits_table::set_scopy_flag()
{
    this->fits_hdu::set_scopy_flag();
    this->shallow_copy_ok = true;
    return;
}

/*
 *  protected member functions
 */

/**
 * @brief  ストリームから必要に応じて Header Unit を読み，Data Unit を読む
 *
 * @note   このメンバ関数は protected です．
 */
ssize_t fits_table::read_stream( fits_hdu *objp, cstreamio &sref )
{
    return this->bte_load(objp,sref,NULL,false,NULL);
}

/**
 * @brief  ストリームから必要に応じて Header Unit を読み，Data Unit を読む
 *
 * @note   このメンバ関数は protected です．
 */
ssize_t fits_table::read_stream( fits_hdu *objp, cstreamio &sref,
				const char *section_to_read, bool is_last_hdu )
{
    return this->bte_load(objp,sref,section_to_read,is_last_hdu,NULL);
}

/**
 * @brief  ストリームから必要に応じて Header Unit を読み，Data Unit を読む
 *
 * @note   このメンバ関数は protected です．
 */
ssize_t fits_table::read_stream( fits_hdu *objp, cstreamio &sref, 
				 const char *section_to_read, bool is_last_hdu,
				 size_t max_bytes_read )
{
    return this->bte_load(objp,sref,section_to_read,is_last_hdu,&max_bytes_read);
}

/**
 * @brief  ストリームから Header Unit と Data Unit を読む
 *
 * @note   このメンバ関数は protected です．
 */
ssize_t fits_table::read_stream( cstreamio &sref, size_t max_bytes_read )
{
    return this->bte_load(NULL,sref,NULL,false,&max_bytes_read);
}

/**
 * @brief  ストリームから Header Unit と Data Unit を読む
 *
 * @note   このメンバ関数は protected です．
 */
ssize_t fits_table::read_stream( cstreamio &sref )
{
    return this->bte_load(NULL,sref,NULL,false,NULL);
}

/**
 * @brief  データパートの保存 or チェックサムの計算 (protected)
 *
 * @note  この関数ではエンディアンは調整しないので呼び出す前にやっておく
 *        こと．<br>
 *        このメンバ関数は，<br>
 *        fits_table::write_stream() <br>
 *        -> fits_hdu::write_stream() <br>
 *        -> fits_table::save_or_check_data() <br>
 *        という経路で呼ばれる．
 * @note   このメンバ関数は protected です．
 */
ssize_t fits_table::save_or_check_data( cstreamio *sptr, void *c_sum_info )
{
    ssize_t return_value = -1;
    fitsio_csum *csum_info = (fitsio_csum *)c_sum_info;
    size_t bytes_per_row, write_buffer_size;
    mdarray write_buffer(1, true);
    long target_row_idx, i;
    ssize_t len_written;

    //err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"DEBUG","called!! adr=[%zx]",(size_t)sptr);

    /*
     * data contents
     */

    bytes_per_row = 0;		/* row あたりのバイト数 */
    for ( i=0 ; i < this->col_size_rec ; i++ ) {
	bytes_per_row += this->col(i).elem_byte_length();
    }

    if ( bytes_per_row == 0 ) {
	return_value = 0;
	goto quit;
    }
    else if ( DEFAULT_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE < bytes_per_row ) {
	write_buffer_size = bytes_per_row;
    }
    else {
	long u = DEFAULT_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE / bytes_per_row;
	write_buffer_size = bytes_per_row * u;
    }

    try {
	write_buffer.resize(write_buffer_size);
    }
    catch ( ... ) {
	err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","write_buffer.resize() failed");
    }

    len_written = 0;
    target_row_idx = 0;
    while ( target_row_idx < this->row_size_rec ) {
	ssize_t len;
	long off = 0;
	long nrow = write_buffer_size / bytes_per_row;
	long i;
	if ( this->row_size_rec < target_row_idx + nrow ) {
	    nrow = this->row_size_rec - target_row_idx;
	}
	//fprintf(stderr,"debug: 2: nrow=%ld\n",nrow);
	for ( i=0 ; i < nrow ; i++ ) {
	    long j;
	    //fprintf(stderr,"debug: 3: i=%ld\n",i);
	    for ( j=0 ; j < this->col_size_rec ; j++ ) {
		fits_table_col *colp;
		colp = this->cols_ptr_rec[j];
		//fprintf(stderr,"debug: 4: j=%ld\n",j);
		if ( colp->data_ptr_rec != NULL ) {
		    colp->data_rec.getdata( write_buffer.data_ptr(off),
					    colp->elem_byte_length(),
					    0, target_row_idx);
		}
		else {
		    char z_ch;
		    if ( colp->type() == FITS::STRING_T ) z_ch = ' ';
		    else z_ch = 0;
		    write_buffer.put( (const void *)&z_ch, 
				      off, colp->elem_byte_length() );
		}
		off += colp->elem_byte_length();
	    }
	    target_row_idx ++;
	}
	try {
	    len = write_stream_or_get_csum( write_buffer.data_ptr(), 
				       bytes_per_row * nrow, sptr, csum_info );
	}
	catch (...) {
	    err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL",
		      "unexpected exception in write_stream_or_get_csum()");
	}
	if ( len < 0 || len != (ssize_t)(bytes_per_row * nrow) ) {
	    err_report(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR",
		       "write_stream_or_get_csum() failed");
	    goto quit;
	}
	len_written += len;
    }

    /* output reserved area */
    if ( 0 < this->reserve_length_rec ) {
	size_t len_to_write = this->reserve_length_rec;
	write_buffer_size = DEFAULT_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE;
	if ( len_to_write < DEFAULT_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE ) {
	    write_buffer_size = len_to_write;
	}
	try {
	    write_buffer.resize(write_buffer_size);
	}
	catch ( ... ) {
	    err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","write_buffer.resize() failed");
	}
	write_buffer.clean();
	while ( 0 < len_to_write ) {
	    ssize_t len;
	    size_t sz = write_buffer_size;
	    if ( len_to_write < write_buffer_size ) {
		sz = len_to_write;
	    }
	    try {
		len = write_stream_or_get_csum( write_buffer.data_ptr(), 
						sz, sptr, csum_info );
	    }
	    catch (...) {
		err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL",
			 "unexpected exception in write_stream_or_get_csum()");
	    }
	    if ( len < 0 || len != (ssize_t)sz ) {
		err_report(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR",
			   "write_stream_or_get_csum() failed");
		goto quit;
	    }
	    len_to_write -= len;
	    len_written += len;
	}
    }

    /* output heap area */
    if ( 0 < this->heap_rec.length() ) {
	ssize_t len;
	size_t sz = this->heap_rec.length();
	try {
	    len = write_stream_or_get_csum( this->heap_rec.data_ptr(), 
					    sz, sptr, csum_info );
	}
	catch (...) {
	    err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL",
		      "unexpected exception in write_stream_or_get_csum()");
	}
	if ( len < 0 || len != (ssize_t)sz ) {
	    err_report(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR",
		       "write_stream_or_get_csum() failed");
	    goto quit;
	}
	len_written += len;
    }


    /*
     * padding
     */

    if ( len_written % FITS::FILE_RECORD_UNIT != 0 ) {
	ssize_t len;
	write_buffer_size = FITS::FILE_RECORD_UNIT -
	    ( len_written % FITS::FILE_RECORD_UNIT );
	try {
	    write_buffer.resize(write_buffer_size);
	}
	catch ( ... ) {
	    err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","write_buffer.resize() failed");
	}
	try {
	    write_buffer.clean();
	    len = write_stream_or_get_csum( write_buffer.data_ptr(), 
					  write_buffer_size, sptr, csum_info );
	}
	catch (...) {
	    err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL",
		      "unexpected exception in write_stream_or_get_csum()");
	}
	if ( len < 0 || len != (ssize_t)write_buffer_size ) {
	    err_report(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR",
		       "write_stream_or_get_csum() failed");
	    goto quit;
	}
	len_written += len;
    }

    return_value = len_written;
 quit:
    return return_value;
}

/**
 * @brief  Header Unit と Data Unit をストリームに書き込む
 *
 * @note   このメンバ関数は protected です．
 */
ssize_t fits_table::write_stream( cstreamio &sref )
{
    ssize_t return_value = -1;
    ssize_t written_total_bytes;

    //err_report(__FUNCTION__,"DEBUG","called!!");

    //this->ascii_to_binary();	/* fot test only */

    /* setup system header for this HDU */
    this->setup_sys_header();			/* fits_table class */

    /* adjust endian for data part */
    this->reverse_endian();

    /* Calculate chksum (if required), and write header+data to stream.     */
    /* Note that fits_hdu::write_stream() calls this->save_or_check_data(). */
    try {
	written_total_bytes = this->fits_hdu::write_stream(sref);
	if ( written_total_bytes < 0 ) {
	    err_report(__FUNCTION__,
		       "ERROR", "this->fits_hdu::write_stream() failed");
	    goto quit;
	}
    }
    catch (...) {
	/* restore endian for data part */
	this->reverse_endian();
	err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","caught exception");
    }

    return_value = written_total_bytes;
 quit:
    /* restore endian for data part */
    this->reverse_endian();

    return return_value;
}

/**
 * @brief  Header Unit と Data Unit をストリームに書き込んだ時のバイト長を取得
 *
 * @note   このメンバ関数は protected です．
 */
ssize_t fits_table::stream_length()
{
    ssize_t return_value = -1;
    ssize_t header_total_bytes;
    size_t data_total_bytes;
    size_t bytes_per_row;
    long i;

    this->setup_sys_header();	/* fits_table class */

    header_total_bytes = fits_hdu::stream_length();
    if ( header_total_bytes < 0 ) {
	err_report(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR",
		   "this->fits_hdu::stream_length() failed");
	goto quit;
    }

    bytes_per_row = 0;		/* row あたりのバイト数 */
    for ( i=0 ; i < this->col_size_rec ; i++ ) {
	bytes_per_row += this->col(i).elem_byte_length();
    }

    data_total_bytes = bytes_per_row * this->row_size_rec;
    /* 2880の倍々にする */
    if ( data_total_bytes % FITS::FILE_RECORD_UNIT != 0 ) {
	size_t u = data_total_bytes / FITS::FILE_RECORD_UNIT;
	data_total_bytes = FITS::FILE_RECORD_UNIT * ( u + 1 );
    }

    return_value = header_total_bytes + data_total_bytes;
 quit:
    return return_value;
}


/**
 * @brief  将来の実装のためのメンバ関数
 *
 * @note   このメンバ関数は protected です．
 */
fits_table &fits_table::set_protection( long col_index, bool protect )
{
    if ( col_index < 0 || this->col_size_rec <= col_index ) {
	return *this;	/* invalid */
    }
    this->cols_ptr_rec[col_index]->set_protection(protect);
    return *this;
}

/*
 * Search record point to insert TXFLDKWD keyword
 */
/* private */
/**
 * @brief  TXFLDKWD キーワードの挿入ポイントを検索
 *
 * @note   このメンバ関数は private です．
 */
long fits_table::find_txfldkwd_insert_point() const
{
    long ret;
    const fits_header &hdr_rec = this->header_rec;
    const char *kwds[] = {"XTENSION", "BITPIX", "NAXIS","NAXIS1","NAXIS2",
			  "PCOUNT","GCOUNT", "TFIELDS", "THEAP",
			  "EXTNAME", "EXTVER", "EXTLEVEL", NULL};
    bool found = false;
    size_t i;

    /* search with reg-exp */
    ret = hdr_rec.length();
    for ( i = 0 ; Field_keywords[i] != NULL ; i++ ) {
	long idx;
	tstring keypat;
	keypat.printf("%s[0-9]+",Field_keywords[i]);
	idx = hdr_rec.regmatch(keypat.cstr());
	if ( 0 <= idx && idx < ret ) {
	    ret = idx;
	    found = true;
	}
    }
    for ( i=0 ; i < this->user_fld_kwd_rec.length() ; i++ ) {
	long idx;
	tstring keypat;
	keypat.printf("%s[0-9]+",this->user_fld_kwd_rec.cstr(i));
	idx = hdr_rec.regmatch(keypat.cstr());
	if ( 0 <= idx && idx < ret ) {
	    ret = idx;
	    found = true;
	}
    }

    /* fallback */
    if ( found == false ) {
	size_t i;
	long idx;
	ret = 0;
	for ( i = 0 ; kwds[i] != NULL ; i++ ) {
	    idx = hdr_rec.index(kwds[i]);
	    if ( 0 <= idx && ret < idx + 1 ) ret = idx + 1;
	}
    }
    
    return ret;
}

/*
 * Search record point to insert THEAP keyword
 */
/* private */
/**
 * @brief  THEAP キーワードの挿入ポイントを検索
 *
 * @note   このメンバ関数は private です．
 */
long fits_table::find_theap_insert_point() const
{
    long ret;
    const fits_header &hdr_rec = this->header_rec;
    const char *kwds[] = {"XTENSION", "BITPIX", "NAXIS","NAXIS1","NAXIS2",
			  "PCOUNT","GCOUNT", "TFIELDS", "TXFLDKWD",
			  "EXTNAME", "EXTVER", "EXTLEVEL", NULL};
    bool found = false;
    size_t i;

    /* search with reg-exp */
    ret = hdr_rec.length();
    for ( i = 0 ; Field_keywords[i] != NULL ; i++ ) {
	long idx;
	tstring keypat;
	keypat.printf("%s[0-9]+",Field_keywords[i]);
	idx = hdr_rec.regmatch(keypat.cstr());
	if ( 0 <= idx && idx < ret ) {
	    ret = idx;
	    found = true;
	}
    }
    for ( i=0 ; i < this->user_fld_kwd_rec.length() ; i++ ) {
	long idx;
	tstring keypat;
	keypat.printf("%s[0-9]+",this->user_fld_kwd_rec.cstr(i));
	idx = hdr_rec.regmatch(keypat.cstr());
	if ( 0 <= idx && idx < ret ) {
	    ret = idx;
	    found = true;
	}
    }

    /* fallback */
    if ( found == false ) {
	size_t i;
	long idx;
	ret = 0;
	for ( i = 0 ; kwds[i] != NULL ; i++ ) {
	    idx = hdr_rec.index(kwds[i]);
	    if ( 0 <= idx && ret < idx + 1 ) ret = idx + 1;
	}
    }
    
    return ret;
}

/* 
 * Search record point to insert TTYPEn records, etc.
 * (NOTE: set column_idx = 0 to insert TTYPE1)
 */
/* private */
/**
 * @brief  TTYPEn キーワードの挿入ポイントを検索
 *
 *  TTYPE1 を挿入する場合には，column_idx に 0 をセットします．
 *
 * @note   このメンバ関数は private です．
 */
long fits_table::find_colhdr_insert_point( long column_idx ) const
{
    long ret = 0;
    const fits_header &hdr_rec = this->header_rec;
    const char *kwds[] = {"XTENSION", "BITPIX", "NAXIS","NAXIS1","NAXIS2",
			  "PCOUNT","GCOUNT", "TFIELDS", "THEAP", "TXFLDKWD", 
			  "EXTNAME", "EXTVER", "EXTLEVEL", NULL};
    bool found = false;

    if ( 0 < column_idx ) {
	size_t i;
	long j, idx;
	for ( j=0 ; j < column_idx ; j++ ) {
	    /* 前のカラム定義で，最後尾のもの探す */
	    ret = 0;
	    for ( i = 0 ; Field_keywords[i] != NULL ; i++ ) {
		tstring kw;
		kw.printf("%s%ld",Field_keywords[i],(column_idx + 1)-1-j);
		idx = hdr_rec.index(kw.cstr());
		if ( 0 <= idx && ret < idx + 1 ) {
		    ret = idx + 1;
		    found = true;
		}
	    }
	    for ( i=0 ; i < this->user_fld_kwd_rec.length() ; i++ ) {
		tstring kw;
		kw.printf("%s%ld",
			  this->user_fld_kwd_rec.cstr(i),(column_idx + 1)-1-j);
		idx = hdr_rec.index(kw.cstr());
		if ( 0 <= idx && ret < idx + 1 ) {
		    ret = idx + 1;
		    found = true;
		}
	    }
	    if ( found == true ) break;
	}
    }
    /* 後のカラム定義で，最前列のものを探す */
    if ( found == false ) {
	size_t i;
	long j, idx;
	for ( j=column_idx+1 ; j < this->col_length() ; j++ ) {
	    ret = hdr_rec.length();
	    for ( i = 0 ; Field_keywords[i] != NULL ; i++ ) {
		tstring kw;
		kw.printf("%s%ld",Field_keywords[i], j + 1);
		idx = hdr_rec.index(kw.cstr());
		if ( 0 <= idx && idx < ret ) {
		    ret = idx;
		    found = true;
		}
	    }
	    for ( i=0 ; i < this->user_fld_kwd_rec.length() ; i++ ) {
		tstring kw;
		kw.printf("%s%ld",
			  this->user_fld_kwd_rec.cstr(i), j + 1);
		idx = hdr_rec.index(kw.cstr());
		if ( 0 <= idx && idx < ret ) {
		    ret = idx;
		    found = true;
		}
	    }
	    if ( found == true ) break;
	}
    }

    /* fallback */
    if ( found == false ) {
	size_t i;
	long idx;
	ret = 0;
	for ( i = 0 ; kwds[i] != NULL ; i++ ) {
	    idx = hdr_rec.index(kwds[i]);
	    if ( 0 <= idx && ret < idx + 1 ) ret = idx + 1;
	}
    }
    
    return ret;
}

/*
 * ヘッダ更新用のマクロ
 *
 * コメント文については，txxx_comment がある場合はそれが最優先で採用され，
 * comm が NULL でもなく "" でもない場合，それが次に採用され，
 * fallback としてデフォルトのコメントが採用される．
 */
#define HEADER_W(TXXX,hrec_type,def_txxx,comm) \
	keyword.assignf(TXXX "%ld",i+1); \
	idx = hdr_rec.index(keyword.cstr()); \
	if ( def_txxx[0] == '\0' ) { \
	    /* オリジナルをできる限り残す */ \
	    if ( 0 <= idx ) { \
		if ( hrec_type == FITS::STRING_T ) { \
		    if ( 0 < hdr_rec.at(idx).svalue_length() ) \
			hdr_rec.erase_records(idx,1); \
		} \
		else { \
		    if ( 0 < hdr_rec.at(idx).value_length() ) \
			hdr_rec.erase_records(idx,1); \
		} \
	    } \
	} \
	else { \
	    fits::header_def rec = {keyword.cstr(), def_txxx, comm}; \
	    if ( 0 <= idx ) { \
		const tstring &svr = hdr_rec.at(idx).svalue_cs(); \
		int typ = hdr_rec.at(idx).type(); \
		/* DOUBLE指定の場合，整数の場合も OK とする */ \
		if ( hrec_type == FITS::DOUBLE_T && typ == FITS::LONGLONG_T ) \
		    typ = FITS::DOUBLE_T; \
		/* 型と値の両方が同じ場合は変更しない */ \
		if ( hrec_type != typ || svr.strcmp(def_txxx) != 0 ) { \
		    hdr_rec.assign(idx,rec); \
		    if ( rec.comment == NULL || rec.comment[0] == '\0' ) \
		        hdr_rec.at(idx).assign_default_comment(); \
		    /* TDIM は複素数型と見分がつかないのでこの処理が必要 */ \
		    if ( hrec_type == FITS::STRING_T && hdr_rec.at(idx).type() != hrec_type ) \
		        hdr_rec.at(idx).assign(def_txxx); \
		} \
		idx0 = idx + 1; \
	    } \
	    else { \
		hdr_rec.insert(idx0,rec); \
		if ( rec.comment == NULL || rec.comment[0] == '\0' ) \
		    hdr_rec.at(idx0).assign_default_comment(); \
		/* TDIM は複素数型と見分がつかないのでこの処理が必要 */ \
		if ( hrec_type == FITS::STRING_T && hdr_rec.at(idx0).type() != hrec_type ) \
		    hdr_rec.at(idx0).assign(def_txxx); \
		idx0++; \
	    } \
	} \
	if ( max_idx0 < idx0 ) max_idx0 = idx0;

#define HEADER_W_COMM(TXXX,hrec_type,txxx,txxx_comment,comm) \
	keyword.assignf(TXXX "%ld",i+1); \
	idx = hdr_rec.index(keyword.cstr()); \
	if ( txxx[0] == '\0' ) { \
	    /* オリジナルをできる限り残す */ \
	    if ( 0 <= idx ) { \
		if ( hrec_type == FITS::STRING_T ) { \
		    if ( 0 < hdr_rec.at(idx).svalue_length() ) \
			hdr_rec.erase_records(idx,1); \
		} \
		else { \
		    if ( 0 < hdr_rec.at(idx).value_length() ) \
			hdr_rec.erase_records(idx,1); \
		} \
	    } \
	} \
	else { \
	    fits::header_def rec = {keyword.cstr(), txxx, comm}; \
	    if ( def.txxx_comment[0] != '\0' )  \
		rec.comment = def.txxx_comment; \
	    if ( 0 <= idx ) { \
		const tstring &svr = hdr_rec.at(idx).svalue_cs(); \
		const tstring &cmr = hdr_rec.at(idx).comment_cs(); \
		int typ = hdr_rec.at(idx).type(); \
		/* DOUBLE指定の場合，整数の場合も OK とする */ \
		if ( hrec_type == FITS::DOUBLE_T && typ == FITS::LONGLONG_T ) \
		    typ = FITS::DOUBLE_T; \
		/* 型，値，コメントが同じ場合は変更しない */ \
		if ( hrec_type != typ || svr.strcmp(txxx) != 0 || \
		     cmr.strcmp(rec.comment) != 0 ) { \
		    hdr_rec.assign(idx,rec); \
		    if ( rec.comment == NULL || rec.comment[0] == '\0' ) \
		        hdr_rec.at(idx).assign_default_comment(); \
		    /* TDIM は複素数型と見分がつかないのでこの処理が必要 */ \
		    if ( hrec_type == FITS::STRING_T && hdr_rec.at(idx).type() != hrec_type ) \
		        hdr_rec.at(idx).assign(txxx); \
		} \
		idx0 = idx + 1; \
	    } \
	    else { \
		hdr_rec.insert(idx0,rec); \
		if ( rec.comment == NULL || rec.comment[0] == '\0' ) \
		    hdr_rec.at(idx0).assign_default_comment(); \
		/* TDIM は複素数型と見分がつかないのでこの処理が必要 */ \
		if ( hrec_type == FITS::STRING_T && hdr_rec.at(idx0).type() != hrec_type ) \
		    hdr_rec.at(idx0).assign(txxx); \
		idx0++; \
	    } \
	} \
	if ( max_idx0 < idx0 ) max_idx0 = idx0;

#if 0

#define HEADER_W_CSV_COMM(TXXX,txxx,txxx_comment,comm) \
	keyword.assignf(TXXX "%ld",i+1); \
	idx = hdr_rec.index(keyword.cstr()); \
	if ( def.txxx == NULL || def.txxx[0] == NULL ) { \
	    /* オリジナルをできる限り残す */ \
	    if ( 0 <= idx && 0 < hdr_rec.at(idx).svalue_length() ) { \
		hdr_rec.erase_records(idx,1); \
	    } \
	} \
	else { \
	    fits::header_def rec = {keyword.cstr(), "", comm}; \
	    tstring val; \
	    long j; \
	    if ( def.txxx_comment[0] != '\0' )  \
		rec.comment = def.txxx_comment; \
	    for ( j=0 ; def.txxx[j] != NULL ; j++ ) { \
		if ( j==0 ) { \
		    val.assign(def.txxx[j]); \
		} \
		else { \
		    val.appendf(",%s",def.txxx[j]); \
		} \
	    } \
	    rec.value = val.cstr(); \
	    if ( 0 <= idx ) { \
		const tstring &cmr = hdr_rec.at(idx).comment_cs(); \
		/* 値とコメントが同じ場合は変更しない */ \
		if ( val.strcmp(hdr_rec.at(idx).svalue()) != 0 || \
		     cmr.strcmp(rec.comment) != 0 ) { \
		    hdr_rec.assign(idx,rec); \
		    if ( rec.comment == NULL || rec.comment[0] == '\0' ) \
		        hdr_rec.at(idx).assign_default_comment(); \
		} \
		idx0 = idx + 1; \
	    } \
	    else { \
		hdr_rec.insert(idx0,rec); \
		if ( rec.comment == NULL || rec.comment[0] == '\0' ) \
		    hdr_rec.at(idx0).assign_default_comment(); \
		idx0++; \
	    } \
	} \
	if ( max_idx0 < idx0 ) max_idx0 = idx0;

#endif	/* 0 */

#define HEADER_ERASE(TXXX) \
	keyword.assignf("%s%ld",TXXX,i+1); \
	idx = hdr_rec.index(keyword.cstr()); \
	if ( 0 <= idx ) { \
	    found = true; \
	    hdr_rec.erase_records(idx,1); \
	} \


/* 
 * Set or erase header records for a column
 */
/* private */
/**
 * @brief  1つのカラムについての，カラム用キーワードのセット・消去
 *
 * @note   このメンバ関数は private です．
 */
fits_table &fits_table::update_hdr_of_a_col( long col_index, 
					  long *ret_idx0, long *ret_tbcol_idx )
{
    long max_idx0, idx0, tbcol_idx, i, idx;
    size_t ii;
    tstring keyword, tform_comm_str;
    fits_header &hdr_rec = this->header_rec;
    const fits::table_def_all &def = this->col(col_index).definition_all();

    if ( ret_idx0 != NULL ) {
	idx0 = *ret_idx0;
    }
    else {
	idx0 = find_colhdr_insert_point(col_index);
    }

    if ( ret_tbcol_idx != NULL ) {
	tbcol_idx = *ret_tbcol_idx;
    }
    else {
	tbcol_idx = 1;
	for ( i=0 ; i < col_index ; i++ ) {
	    tbcol_idx += this->col(i).elem_byte_length();
	}
    }

    /* for macro: i はマクロ HEADER_*() で使うので注意 */
    i = col_index;

    max_idx0 = idx0;

    this->header_set_sysrecords_prohibition(false);
    try {
	/* TTYPE */
	HEADER_W_COMM("TTYPE",FITS::STRING_T,def.ttype,ttype_comment,"");

	/* TALAS */
	//HEADER_W_CSV_COMM("TALAS",talas,talas_comment,"");
	HEADER_W_COMM("TALAS",FITS::STRING_T,def.talas,talas_comment,"");

	/* TELEM */
	//HEADER_W_CSV_COMM("TELEM",telem,telem_comment,"");
	HEADER_W_COMM("TELEM",FITS::STRING_T,def.telem,telem_comment,"");

	/* TUNIT */
	HEADER_W_COMM("TUNIT",FITS::STRING_T,def.tunit,tunit_comment,"");

	/* TDISP */
	if ( this->hdutype() == FITS::ASCII_TABLE_HDU ) {
	    tstring tmp_val;
	    if ( this->col(i).type() != FITS::STRING_T ) {
		err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","invalid data type");
	    }
	    tmp_val.assign(def.tdisp).strtrim();
	    if ( tmp_val.length() == 0 ) {
		tmp_val.assignf("A%ld",this->col(i).elem_byte_length());
	    }
	    HEADER_W("TFORM",FITS::STRING_T,tmp_val.cstr(),"");
	}
	else {
	    /*
	     * ASCIIテーブルからバイナリテーブルへ変換した時に，
	     * ASCIIテーブルの TFORMn の値をコメントに保存する処置
	     */
	    if ( this->col(i).type() == FITS::STRING_T && 
		 def.tdisp != NULL &&
		 def.tdisp[0] != '\0' && def.tdisp[0] != 'A' ) {
		bool found;
		tform_comm_str.printf("data format : STRING of '%s'",
				      def.tdisp);
		HEADER_ERASE("TDISP");
	    }
	    else {
		HEADER_W_COMM("TDISP",FITS::STRING_T,def.tdisp,tdisp_comment,"");
	    }
	}

	/* TFORM */
	if ( this->hdutype() == FITS::ASCII_TABLE_HDU ) {
	    tstring tmp_val;
	    tmp_val.printf("%ld",tbcol_idx);
	    HEADER_W("TBCOL",FITS::LONGLONG_T,tmp_val.cstr(),"");
	}
	else {
	    if ( this->col(i).type() == FITS::STRING_T &&
		 0 < tform_comm_str.length() ) {
		const char *comm = tform_comm_str.cstr();
		HEADER_W_COMM("TFORM",FITS::STRING_T,def.tform,tform_comment,comm);
	    }
	    else {
		//err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"DEBUG","[%s]",def.tform_comment);
		HEADER_W_COMM("TFORM",FITS::STRING_T,def.tform,tform_comment,"");
	    }
	}

	/* TDIM */
	HEADER_W_COMM("TDIM",FITS::STRING_T,def.tdim,tdim_comment,"");

	/* TZERO */
	HEADER_W_COMM("TZERO",FITS::DOUBLE_T,def.tzero,tzero_comment,"");

	/* TSCAL */
	HEADER_W_COMM("TSCAL",FITS::DOUBLE_T,def.tscal,tscal_comment,"");

	/* TNULL */
	if ( this->hdutype() == FITS::ASCII_TABLE_HDU ||
	     this->col(i).type() == FITS::STRING_T ) {
	    tstring tmp_val;
	    //err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"DEBUG","tnull = [%s]",def.tnull);
	    /* " " も NULL になりうるので，ここでは特別な処理をしている */
	    tmp_val.assignf("'%s'",def.tnull);
	    if ( 2 < tmp_val.length() ) {
		keyword.assignf("TNULL" "%ld",i+1);
		idx = hdr_rec.index(keyword.cstr());
		if ( 0 <= idx && 2 < hdr_rec.record(idx).value_length() ) {
		    /* 今入っているものと比較する */
		    tstring tmp_val1;
		    tmp_val1.assign(hdr_rec.record(idx).value()).trim("'");
		    //.resize(this->col(i).elem_byte_length());
		    tmp_val1.rtrim(" ");	/* 右側の空白のみ除去 */
		    if ( (long)(tmp_val1.length()) <= this->col(i).bytes() ) {
			tmp_val1.resize(this->col(i).bytes());
		    }
		    /* 異なっていた場合には登録 */
		    if ( tmp_val1.strcmp(def.tnull) != 0 ) {
			HEADER_W_COMM("TNULL",FITS::STRING_T,tmp_val.cstr(),tnull_comment,"");
		    }
		}
		else {
		    HEADER_W_COMM("TNULL",FITS::STRING_T,tmp_val.cstr(),tnull_comment,"");
		}
	    }
	    else {
		HEADER_W_COMM("TNULL",FITS::STRING_T,def.tnull,tnull_comment,"");
	    }
	}
	else {	/* for binary table (not string type) */
	    tstring tmp_val;
	    size_t epos;
	    tmp_val.assign(def.tnull).strtoll(10,&epos);
	    if ( epos != tmp_val.length() ) {
		tstring tmp_comm;
	    /* not integer: 不正な TNULL値 の場合 */
	    //if ( this->col(i).elem_byte_length() < (long)tmp_val.length() ) {
	    //    tmp_val.resize(this->col(i).elem_byte_length());
	    //}
		err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"WARNING",
			    "Invalid TNULL value : [%s].",tmp_val.cstr());
		/* コメント部分に保存するようにする */
		tmp_comm.printf("null value : '%s'", tmp_val.cstr());
		keyword.assignf("TNULL" "%ld",i+1);
		idx = hdr_rec.index(keyword.cstr());
		/* */
		if ( 0 < tmp_val.length() ) {
		    fits::header_def rec = 
			{keyword.cstr(), "", tmp_comm.cstr()};
		    if ( 0 <= idx ) {
			hdr_rec.assign(idx,rec);
			idx0 = idx + 1;
		    }
		    else {
			hdr_rec.insert(idx0,rec);
			idx0++;
		    }
		}
		else {	/* ここは来ないはずだが… */
		    if ( 0 <= idx ) {
			hdr_rec.erase_records(idx,1);
		    }
		}
		if ( max_idx0 < idx0 ) max_idx0 = idx0;
	    }
	    else {
		HEADER_W_COMM("TNULL",FITS::LONGLONG_T,def.tnull,
			  tnull_comment,"integer null value");
	    }
	}

	/* erase TBCOL on ATE */
	if ( this->hdutype() != FITS::ASCII_TABLE_HDU ) {
	    bool found;
	    HEADER_ERASE("TBCOL");
	}

    }
    catch (...) {
	this->header_set_sysrecords_prohibition(true);
	err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","caught exception");
    }
    this->header_set_sysrecords_prohibition(true);

    /* check user's field keywords */
    for ( ii=0 ; ii < this->user_fld_kwd_rec.length() ; ii++ ) {
	tstring keynm;
	keynm.printf("%s%ld", this->user_fld_kwd_rec.cstr(ii), i + 1);
	if ( 0 <= (idx=hdr_rec.index(keynm.cstr())) ) {
	    idx0 = idx + 1;
	    if ( max_idx0 < idx0 ) max_idx0 = idx0;
	}
    }

    /* update values to return */
    idx0 = max_idx0;

    tbcol_idx += this->col(i).elem_byte_length();

    /* return results */
    if ( ret_idx0 != NULL ) {
	*ret_idx0 = idx0;
    }
    if ( ret_tbcol_idx != NULL ) {
	*ret_tbcol_idx = tbcol_idx;
    }

    return *this;
}

/* 
 * Update all TBCOLn header records
 */
/* private */
/**
 * @brief  TBCOLn キーワードを更新
 *
 * @note   このメンバ関数は private です．
 */
fits_table &fits_table::update_tbcol_hdr()
{
    fits_header &hdr_rec = this->header_rec;
    long i = 0;

    this->header_set_sysrecords_prohibition(false);
    try {
	/* for ASCII table HDU */
	if ( this->hdutype() == FITS::ASCII_TABLE_HDU ) {
	    const long col_len = this->col_length();
	    tstring kwd;
	    long tbcol_idx;
	    tbcol_idx = 1;
	    for ( i=0 ; i < col_len ; i++ ) {
		long idx;
		kwd.printf("TBCOL%ld", i + 1);
		if ( (idx = hdr_rec.index(kwd.cstr())) < 0 ) {
		    idx = this->find_colhdr_insert_point(i);
		    hdr_rec.insert(idx, kwd.cstr());
		}
		if ( hdr_rec.at(idx).type() != FITS::LONGLONG_T ||
		     hdr_rec.at(idx).lvalue() != tbcol_idx ) {
		    hdr_rec.at(idx).assign(tbcol_idx);
		}
		tbcol_idx += this->col(i).elem_byte_length();
	    }
	}
	/* for ASCII and binary table HDU */
	while ( 1 ) {
	    long idx;
	    tstring kwd;
	    kwd.printf("TBCOL%ld", i + 1);
	    if ( (idx = hdr_rec.index(kwd.cstr())) < 0 ) break;
	    hdr_rec.erase(idx);
	    i ++;
	}
    }
    catch (...) {
	this->header_set_sysrecords_prohibition(true);
	err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","caught exception");
    }
    this->header_set_sysrecords_prohibition(true);

    return *this;
}

/* 
 * Erase header records for a column
 */
/* private */
/**
 * @brief  1つのカラムのカラム用キーワードすべてを消去
 *
 * @note   このメンバ関数は private です．
 */
fits_table &fits_table::erase_hdr_of_a_col( long col_idx )
{
    fits_header &hdr_rec = this->header_rec;
    tstring kwd;
    size_t i;

    this->header_set_sysrecords_prohibition(false);
    try {
	/* erase system column keywords */
	for ( i=0 ; Field_keywords[i] != NULL ; i++ ) {
	    long idx;
	    kwd.printf("%s%ld", Field_keywords[i], col_idx + 1);
	    if ( 0 <= (idx = hdr_rec.index(kwd.cstr())) ) hdr_rec.erase(idx);
	}

	/* erase user column keywords */
	for ( i=0 ; i < this->user_fld_kwd_rec.length() ; i++ ) {
	    long idx;
	    kwd.printf("%s%ld", this->user_fld_kwd_rec[i].cstr(), col_idx + 1);
	    if ( 0 <= (idx = hdr_rec.index(kwd.cstr())) ) hdr_rec.erase(idx);
	}
    }
    catch (...) {
	this->header_set_sysrecords_prohibition(true);
	err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","caught exception");
    }
    this->header_set_sysrecords_prohibition(true);

    return *this;
}

/* 
 * Update header records for a column
 */
/* private */
/**
 * @brief  カラム用キーワードの番号を更新
 *
 * @note   このメンバ関数は private です．
 */
fits_table &fits_table::renumber_hdr_of_a_col( long old_col_idx, 
					       long new_col_idx )
{
    fits_header &hdr_rec = this->header_rec;
    tstring old_kwd, new_kwd;
    size_t i;

    //err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"DEBUG","renumber : %ld", old_col_idx);
    //err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"DEBUG","        -> %ld", new_col_idx);

    this->header_set_sysrecords_prohibition(false);
    try {
	long dst_idx = this->find_colhdr_insert_point(new_col_idx);
	//err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"DEBUG","dst_idx = %ld", dst_idx);
	/* update system column keywords */
	for ( i=0 ; Field_keywords[i] != NULL ; i++ ) {
	    long idx;
	    old_kwd.printf("%s%ld", Field_keywords[i], old_col_idx + 1);
	    if ( 0 <= (idx = hdr_rec.index(old_kwd.cstr())) ) {
		new_kwd.printf("%s%ld", Field_keywords[i], new_col_idx + 1);
		hdr_rec.insert(dst_idx, new_kwd.cstr(), 
			       hdr_rec.record(idx).value(), 
			       hdr_rec.record(idx).comment());
		if ( dst_idx <= idx ) dst_idx ++;	/* difficult logic! */
		hdr_rec.erase(old_kwd.cstr());
	    }
	}

	/* update user column keywords */
	for ( i=0 ; i < this->user_fld_kwd_rec.length() ; i++ ) {
	    long idx;
	    old_kwd.printf("%s%ld", 
			   this->user_fld_kwd_rec[i].cstr(), old_col_idx + 1);
	    if ( 0 <= (idx = hdr_rec.index(old_kwd.cstr())) ) {
		new_kwd.printf("%s%ld", 
			    this->user_fld_kwd_rec[i].cstr(), new_col_idx + 1);
		hdr_rec.insert(dst_idx, new_kwd.cstr(),
			       hdr_rec.record(idx).value(), 
			       hdr_rec.record(idx).comment());
		if ( dst_idx <= idx ) dst_idx ++;	/* difficult logic! */
		hdr_rec.erase(old_kwd.cstr());
	    }
	}
    }
    catch (...) {
	this->header_set_sysrecords_prohibition(true);
	err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","caught exception");
    }
    this->header_set_sysrecords_prohibition(true);

    return *this;
}


/*
 * Set or erase TXFLDKWD record
 */
/* private */
/**
 * @brief  TXFLDKWD キーワードのセット・消去
 *
 * @note   このメンバ関数は private です．
 */
fits_table &fits_table::setup_txfldkwd_hdr()
{
    fits_header &hdr_rec = this->header_rec;

    this->header_set_sysrecords_prohibition(false);
    try {
	long i, idx;
	size_t j;
	tstring value;

	/* prepare value of TXFLDKWD */
	for ( i=0 ; i < this->col_length() ; i++ ) {
	    const fits::table_def_all &def = this->col(i).definition_all();
	    if ( def.talas != NULL && def.talas[0] != '\0' ) {
		value.append("TALAS,");
		break;
	    }
	}
	for ( i=0 ; i < this->col_length() ; i++ ) {
	    const fits::table_def_all &def = this->col(i).definition_all();
	    if ( def.telem != NULL && def.telem[0] != '\0' ) {
		value.append("TELEM,");
		break;
	    }
	}
	for ( j=0 ; j < this->user_fld_kwd_rec.length() ; j++ ) {
	    value.appendf("%s,",this->user_fld_kwd_rec.cstr(j));
	}

	/* erase last "," */
	if ( 0 < value.length() ) value.resizeby(-1);

	/* set/erase TXFLDKWD record */
	if ( 0 < value.length() ) {
	    if ( (idx=hdr_rec.index("TXFLDKWD")) < 0 ) {
		idx = this->find_txfldkwd_insert_point();
		hdr_rec.insert(idx, "TXFLDKWD", "", "");
		hdr_rec.at(idx).assign_default_comment(FITS::BINARY_TABLE_HDU);
	    }
	    if ( value.strcmp(hdr_rec.at(idx).svalue()) != 0 ) {
		hdr_rec.at(idx).assign(value.cstr());
	    }
	}
	else {
	    hdr_rec.erase("TXFLDKWD");
	}
    }
    catch (...) {
	this->header_set_sysrecords_prohibition(true);
	err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","caught exception");
    }
    this->header_set_sysrecords_prohibition(true);

    return *this;
}

/*
 * update NAXIS1 and TFIELDS
 */
/* private */
/**
 * @brief  NAXIS1 と TFIELDS の更新
 *
 * @note   このメンバ関数は private です．
 */
fits_table &fits_table::update_hdr_of_col_props()
{
    fits_header &hdr_rec = this->header_rec;
    long i;

    /* create top records of sys header, if required */
    if ( hdr_rec.index("NAXIS1") < 0 || hdr_rec.index("TFIELDS") < 0 ) {
	this->fits_hdu::setup_sys_header();
    }

    /* update NAXIS1 and TFIELDS */
    this->header_set_sysrecords_prohibition(false);
    try {
	long long naxis1 = 0;
	for ( i=0 ; i < this->col_size_rec ; i++ ) {
	    naxis1 += this->col(i).elem_byte_length();
	}
	if ( hdr_rec.at("NAXIS1").type() != FITS::LONGLONG_T ||
	     hdr_rec.at("NAXIS1").llvalue() != naxis1 ) {
	    hdr_rec.at("NAXIS1").assign(naxis1);
	}
	if ( hdr_rec.at("TFIELDS").type() != FITS::LONGLONG_T ||
	     hdr_rec.at("TFIELDS").lvalue() != this->col_size_rec ) {
	    hdr_rec.at("TFIELDS").assign(this->col_size_rec);
	}
    }
    catch (...) {
	this->header_set_sysrecords_prohibition(true);
	err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","caught exception");
    }
    this->header_set_sysrecords_prohibition(true);

    return *this;
}

/*
 * update NAXIS2
 */
/* private */
/**
 * @brief  NAXIS2 の更新
 *
 * @note   このメンバ関数は private です．
 */
fits_table &fits_table::update_hdr_of_row_props()
{
    fits_header &hdr_rec = this->header_rec;

    /* create top records of sys header, if required */
    if ( hdr_rec.index("NAXIS2") < 0 ) {
	this->fits_hdu::setup_sys_header();
    }

    /* update NAXIS2 */
    this->header_set_sysrecords_prohibition(false);
    try {
	if ( hdr_rec.at("NAXIS2").type() != FITS::LONGLONG_T ||
	     hdr_rec.at("NAXIS2").lvalue() != this->row_size_rec ) {
	    hdr_rec.at("NAXIS2").assign(this->row_size_rec);
	}
    }
    catch (...) {
	this->header_set_sysrecords_prohibition(true);
	err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","caught exception");
    }
    this->header_set_sysrecords_prohibition(true);

    return *this;
}

/*
 * Set up all header records for table contents
 */
/* protected */
/**
 * @brief  テーブルの中身に関連する全ヘッダレコードのセットアップ
 *
 * @note   このメンバ関数は protected です．
 */
fits_table &fits_table::setup_sys_header()
{
    long i, idx0, tbcol_idx;
    bool found;
    fits_header &hdr_rec = this->header_rec;

    /* obtain max length of variable length array and update TFORM */
    for ( i=0 ; i < this->col_size_rec ; i++ ) {
	fits_table_col &col0 = this->col(i);
	long j, sz = this->row_length() * col0.elem_length();
	const fits::table_def &def = col0.definition();
	fits::table_def_all newdef = {NULL};
	tstring tfm;
	ssize_t ix;
	if ( col0.type() == FITS::LONGARRDESC_T ) {
	    fits::longarrdesc_t *d_ptr = 
		(fits::longarrdesc_t *)(col0.data_ptr());
	    uint32_t max_len = 0;
	    for ( j=0 ; j < sz ; j++ ) {
		if ( max_len < d_ptr[j].length ) max_len = d_ptr[j].length;
	    }
	    tfm.assign(def.tform).trim();
	    ix = tfm.strchr('(');
	    if ( 0 <= ix ) tfm.resize(ix);
	    tfm.appendf("(%ld)", (long)max_len);
	    newdef.tform = tfm.cstr();
	    col0._define(newdef);
	}
	else if ( col0.type() == FITS::LLONGARRDESC_T ) {
	    fits::llongarrdesc_t *d_ptr = 
		(fits::llongarrdesc_t *)(col0.data_ptr());
	    uint64_t max_len = 0;
	    for ( j=0 ; j < sz ; j++ ) {
		if ( max_len < d_ptr[j].length ) max_len = d_ptr[j].length;
	    }
	    tfm.assign(def.tform).trim();
	    ix = tfm.strchr('(');
	    if ( 0 <= ix ) tfm.resize(ix);
	    tfm.appendf("(%lld)", (long long)max_len);
	    newdef.tform = tfm.cstr();
	    col0._define(newdef);
	}
    }

    /* 基本的なヘッダを作成(fits_hduクラスのメンバ関数) */
    this->fits_hdu::setup_sys_header();

    /* set/erase TXFLDKWD, if required */
    this->setup_txfldkwd_hdr();

    /* update NAXIS1 and TFIELDS */
    this->update_hdr_of_col_props();
    /* update NAXIS2 */
    this->update_hdr_of_row_props();

    /* find position to insert new header recs */
    idx0 = this->find_colhdr_insert_point(0L);

    /* update column header */
    tbcol_idx = 1;
    for ( i=0 ; i < this->col_size_rec ; i++ ) {
	this->update_hdr_of_a_col( i, &idx0, &tbcol_idx );
    }

    /* clean up, update THEAP and PCOUNT */
    this->header_set_sysrecords_prohibition(false);
    try {
	long long naxis1 = 0;
	for ( i=0 ; i < this->col_size_rec ; i++ ) {
	    naxis1 += this->col(i).elem_byte_length();
	}

	/* 残骸があるかもしれないので消していく */
	do {
	    long idx;
	    tstring keyword;
	    size_t j;
	    found = false;

	    for ( j=0 ; Field_keywords[j] != NULL ; j++ ) {
		HEADER_ERASE(Field_keywords[j]);
	    }

	    for ( j=0 ; j < this->user_fld_kwd_rec.length() ; j++ ) {
		HEADER_ERASE(this->user_fld_kwd_rec.cstr(j));
	    }

	    i++;
	} while ( found != false );

	/* setup THEAP record */
	if ( 0 < this->reserve_length_rec ) {
	    long idx = hdr_rec.index("THEAP");
	    long long val;
	    if ( idx < 0 ) {
		idx = this->find_theap_insert_point();
		hdr_rec.insert(idx, "THEAP", "", "");
		hdr_rec.at(idx).assign_default_comment(FITS::BINARY_TABLE_HDU);
	    }
	    val = (naxis1 * this->row_size_rec) + this->reserve_length_rec;
	    if ( hdr_rec.at(idx).type() != FITS::LONGLONG_T ||
		 hdr_rec.at(idx).llvalue() != val ) {
		hdr_rec.at(idx).assign(val);
	    }
	}
	else {
	    long idx = hdr_rec.index("THEAP");
	    if ( 0 <= idx ) {
		long long val = naxis1 * this->row_size_rec;
		if ( hdr_rec.at(idx).type() != FITS::LONGLONG_T ||
		     hdr_rec.at(idx).llvalue() != val ) {
		    hdr_rec.at(idx).assign(val);
		}
	    }
	}

	/* setup PCOUNT (length of reserved area + heap) */
	if ( 0 < this->reserve_length_rec || 0 < this->heap_rec.length() ) {
	    long long val = this->reserve_length_rec + this->heap_rec.length();
	    if ( hdr_rec.at("PCOUNT").type() != FITS::LONGLONG_T ||
		 hdr_rec.at("PCOUNT").llvalue() != val ) {
		hdr_rec.at("PCOUNT").assign(val);
	    }
	}
	else {
	    if ( hdr_rec.at("PCOUNT").type() != FITS::LONGLONG_T ||
		 hdr_rec.at("PCOUNT").llvalue() != 0 ) {
		hdr_rec.at("PCOUNT").assign(0L);
	    }
	}

    }
    catch (...) {
	this->header_set_sysrecords_prohibition(true);
	err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","caught exception");
    }
    this->header_set_sysrecords_prohibition(true);

    /* debug */
#if 0
    {
    	long i;
    	for ( i=0 ; i < hdr_rec.length() ; i++ ) {
    	    err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"DEBUG","key : [%s]",
    			hdr_rec.record(i).keyword());
    	    err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"DEBUG","value : [%s]",
    			hdr_rec.record(i).value());
    	}
    }
#endif

    return *this;
}

/**
 * @brief  将来の実装のためのメンバ関数
 *
 * @note   このメンバ関数は protected です．
 */
void **fits_table::data_ptr_mng_ptr( long col_index )
{
    if ( col_index < 0 || this->col_size_rec <= col_index ) return NULL;
    return this->col(col_index).data_ptr_mng_ptr();
}

/**
 * @brief  将来の実装のためのメンバ関数
 *
 * @note   このメンバ関数は protected です．
 */
void **fits_table::heap_ptr_mng_ptr()
{
    return &this->heap_ptr_rec;
}

/* private member functions */
/**
 * @brief  バイトオーダの変換
 *
 * @note   このメンバ関数は private です．
 */
void fits_table::reverse_endian()
{
    long i;
    for ( i=0 ; i < this->col_size_rec ; i++ ) {
	fits_table_col *colp;
	colp = this->cols_ptr_rec[i];
	if ( colp->type() == FITS::LOGICAL_T ||
	     colp->type() == FITS::SHORT_T ||
	     colp->type() == FITS::LONG_T ||
	     colp->type() == FITS::LONGLONG_T ||
	     colp->type() == FITS::FLOAT_T ||
	     colp->type() == FITS::DOUBLE_T ) {
	    colp->data_rec.reverse_endian(false);
	}
	else if ( colp->type() == FITS::COMPLEX_T ||
		  colp->type() == FITS::DOUBLECOMPLEX_T ) {
	    ssize_t szt = colp->bytes() / 2;
	    colp->data_rec.reverse_byte_order(false, -szt);
	}
	else if ( colp->type() == FITS::LONGARRDESC_T ||
		  colp->type() == FITS::LLONGARRDESC_T ) {
	    ssize_t szt = colp->bytes() / 2;
	    colp->data_rec.reverse_byte_order(false, szt);
	}
    }
}

#include "private/parse_section_expression.cc"

/**
 * @brief  ストリームから必要に応じて Header Unit を読み，Data Unit を読む
 *
 *  超低レベルなメンバ関数．
 *
 * @note   このメンバ関数は private です．
 */
ssize_t fits_table::bte_load( const fits_hdu *objp, cstreamio &sref, 
       const char *section_to_read, bool is_last_hdu, const size_t *max_bytes_ptr )
{
    ssize_t return_val = -1;
    ssize_t total_read_len = 0;
    tstring xtension, txfldkwd;
    long tfields, naxis1, naxis2, naxis2_obj;
    long bytes_per_row;
    long long heap_length = 0;
    long long reserved_area_length = 0;
    size_t main_bytes_to_skip0;
    size_t main_bytes_to_read;
    size_t main_bytes_to_skip1;
    size_t len_main_heap;	/* byte length of main + heap           */
    size_t len_padding;		/* byte length of pad                   */
    size_t rest_skip;		/* 1回でまとめて rskip するためのキュー */
    mdarray_bool flag_required;
    section_exp_info section_info;
    long i;
    bool load_ate = false;
    const fits_header &hdr_rec = this->header_rec;

    /*
     * be empty
     */
    this->init();

    /* まだヘッダを読んでいない場合 */
    if ( objp == NULL ) {
	if ( max_bytes_ptr != NULL ) {
	    total_read_len = fits_hdu::read_stream( sref, *max_bytes_ptr );
	}
	else {
	    total_read_len = fits_hdu::read_stream( sref );
	}
	if ( total_read_len < 0 ) {
	    err_report(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR","fits_hdu::read_stream() failed");
	    goto quit;
	}
    }
    else {
	/* 引数の内容(ヘッダなど)をコピーする */
	this->fits_hdu::init(*objp);
    }

    /*
     * here, check system header
     */

    xtension = hdr_rec.record("XTENSION").svalue();
    if ( xtension.cstr() == NULL ) {
	err_report(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR","XTENSION keyword is not found");
	goto quit;
    }
    if ( xtension.strcmp("BINTABLE") != 0 ) {
	if ( xtension.strcmp("TABLE") == 0 ) {
	    load_ate = true;
	    this->set_hdutype(FITS::ASCII_TABLE_HDU);
	}
	else {
	    err_report(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR","This HDU is not TABLE");
	    goto quit;
	}
    }

    /* number of columns */
    tfields = hdr_rec.record("TFIELDS").llvalue();
    if ( tfields < 0 ) {
	err_report(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR","Invalid TFIELDS");
	goto quit;
    }

    /* number of rows */
    naxis2 = hdr_rec.record("NAXIS2").llvalue();
    if ( naxis2 < 0 ) {
	err_report(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR","Invalid NAXIS2");
	goto quit;
    }

    /* bytes of row */
    naxis1 = hdr_rec.record("NAXIS1").llvalue();
    if ( naxis1 < 0 ) {
	err_report(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR","Invalid NAXIS1");
	goto quit;
    }

    /* length of reserved area + heap */
    if ( 0 <= hdr_rec.index("PCOUNT") ) {
	heap_length = hdr_rec.record("PCOUNT").llvalue();
	if ( heap_length < 0 ) {
	    err_report(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR","Invalid PCOUNT");
	    goto quit;
	}
    }

    /* heap offset */
    if ( 0 <= hdr_rec.index("THEAP") ) {
	long long heap_off;
	heap_off = hdr_rec.record("THEAP").llvalue();
	if ( heap_off < naxis1 * naxis2 ) {
	    err_report(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR","Invalid THEAP");
	    goto quit;
	}
	reserved_area_length = heap_off - (naxis1 * naxis2);
	if ( heap_length < reserved_area_length ) {
	    err_report(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR","Invalid THEAP");
	    goto quit;
	}
	this->reserve_length_rec = reserved_area_length;
    }

    /* extended field keywords */
    if ( 0 <= hdr_rec.index("TXFLDKWD") ) {
	txfldkwd = hdr_rec.record("TXFLDKWD").svalue();
	if ( 0 < txfldkwd.length() ) {
	    tarray_tstring karr;
	    size_t j;
	    karr.split(txfldkwd, ",", true).trim();
	    /* erase elements listed in Field_keywords[] */
	    for ( j=0 ; Field_keywords[j] != NULL ; j++ ) {
		ssize_t k;
		if ( 0 <= (k=karr.find_elem(Field_keywords[j])) ) {
		    karr.erase(k,1);
		}
	    }
	    /* erase elements having 0-length string */
	    for ( j=karr.length() ; 0 < j ; ) {
		j--;
		if ( karr[j].length() == 0 ) karr.erase(j,1);
	    }
	    /* copy */
	    this->user_fld_kwd_rec = karr;
	}
    }

    //{
    //	long ii;
    //	for ( ii=0 ; ii < hdr_rec.length() ; ii++ ) {
    //	    err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"DEBUG","[%s]",
    //			hdr_rec.record(ii).keyword());
    //	    err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"DEBUG","index=[%ld]",
    //			hdr_rec.index( hdr_rec.record(ii).keyword() ));
    //	}
    //	err_report(__FUNCTION__,"DEBUG","===");
    //}

    /* 
     * check each column parameters and append each col
     */

    for ( i=0 ; i < tfields ; i++ ) {

	fits::table_def_all defs[] = { {NULL},{NULL} };
	fits::table_def_all &def = defs[0];

	tstring keyword;
	tstring tmp_tform;
	tstring tmp_tnull_val;
	//tarray_tstring talas;
	//tarray_tstring telem;
	long idx;

	def.ttype         = "";
	def.ttype_comment = "";
	//def.talas         = NULL;
	def.talas         = "";
	def.talas_comment = "";
	//def.telem         = NULL;
	def.telem         = "";
	def.telem_comment = "";
	def.tunit         = "";
	def.tunit_comment = "";
	def.tdisp         = "";
	def.tdisp_comment = "";
	def.tform         = "";
	def.tform_comment = "";
	def.tdim          = "";
	def.tdim_comment  = "";
	def.tnull         = "";
	def.tnull_comment = "";
	def.tzero         = "";
	def.tzero_comment = "";
	def.tscal         = "";
	def.tscal_comment = "";

	/* TTYPE */
	keyword.assignf("TTYPE%ld",i+1);
	idx = hdr_rec.index(keyword.cstr());
	if ( 0 <= idx ) {
	    def.ttype = hdr_rec.record(idx).svalue();
	    def.ttype_comment = hdr_rec.record(idx).comment();
	}
	/* TFORM -- 必須 */
	if ( load_ate == true ) {
	    long p0,p1;
	    keyword.assignf("TBCOL%ld",i+1);
	    idx = hdr_rec.index(keyword.cstr());
	    if ( idx < 0 ) {
		err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR","keyword %s is not found",
			    keyword.cstr());
		goto quit;
	    }
	    p0 = hdr_rec.record(idx).lvalue() - 1;
	    if ( i+1 < tfields ) {
		keyword.assignf("TBCOL%ld",i+2);
		idx = hdr_rec.index(keyword.cstr());
		if ( idx < 0 ) {
		    err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR","keyword %s is not found",
				keyword.cstr());
		    goto quit;
		}
		p1 = hdr_rec.record(idx).lvalue() - 1;
	    }
	    else p1 = (long)naxis1;
	    def.tform = tmp_tform.printf("%ldA",p1-p0).cstr();
	}
	else {
	    keyword.assignf("TFORM%ld",i+1);
	    idx = hdr_rec.index(keyword.cstr());
	    if ( idx < 0 ) {
		err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR","keyword %s is not found",
			    keyword.cstr());
		goto quit;
	    }
	    def.tform = hdr_rec.record(idx).svalue();
	    def.tform_comment = hdr_rec.record(idx).comment();
	}
	/* TUNIT */
	keyword.assignf("TUNIT%ld",i+1);
	idx = hdr_rec.index(keyword.cstr());
	if ( 0 <= idx ) {
	    def.tunit = hdr_rec.record(idx).svalue();
	    def.tunit_comment = hdr_rec.record(idx).comment();
	}
	/* TDISP */
	if ( load_ate == true ) keyword.assignf("TFORM%ld",i+1);
	else keyword.assignf("TDISP%ld",i+1);
	idx = hdr_rec.index(keyword.cstr());
	if ( 0 <= idx ) {
	    def.tdisp = hdr_rec.record(idx).svalue();
	    def.tdisp_comment = hdr_rec.record(idx).comment();
	}
	/* TDIM */
	keyword.assignf("TDIM%ld",i+1);
	idx = hdr_rec.index(keyword.cstr());
	if ( 0 <= idx ) {
	    def.tdim = hdr_rec.record(idx).svalue();
	    def.tdim_comment = hdr_rec.record(idx).comment();
	}
	/* TNULL */
	/* ここは数値のみに対応．文字列値については後でやりなおす */
	keyword.assignf("TNULL%ld",i+1);
	idx = hdr_rec.index(keyword.cstr());
	if ( 0 <= idx ) {
	    tmp_tnull_val.assign(hdr_rec.record(idx).value()).trim("'");
	    tmp_tnull_val.trim(" ");
	    def.tnull = tmp_tnull_val.cstr();
	    def.tnull_comment = hdr_rec.record(idx).comment();
	}
	/* TZERO */
	keyword.assignf("TZERO%ld",i+1);
	idx = hdr_rec.index(keyword.cstr());
	if ( 0 <= idx ) {
	    def.tzero = hdr_rec.record(idx).svalue();
	    def.tzero_comment = hdr_rec.record(idx).comment();
	}
	/* TSCAL */
	keyword.assignf("TSCAL%ld",i+1);
	idx = hdr_rec.index(keyword.cstr());
	if ( 0 <= idx ) {
	    def.tscal = hdr_rec.record(idx).svalue();
	    def.tscal_comment = hdr_rec.record(idx).comment();
	}
	/* TALAS */
	keyword.assignf("TALAS%ld",i+1);
	idx = hdr_rec.index(keyword.cstr());
	if ( 0 <= idx ) {
	    //talas.split(hdr_rec.record(idx).svalue(),",",true);
	    //def.talas = talas.cstrarray();
	    def.talas = hdr_rec.record(idx).svalue();
	    def.talas_comment = hdr_rec.record(idx).comment();
	}
	/* TELEM */
	keyword.assignf("TELEM%ld",i+1);
	idx = hdr_rec.index(keyword.cstr());
	if ( 0 <= idx ) {
	    //telem.split(hdr_rec.record(idx).svalue(),",",true);
	    //def.telem = telem.cstrarray();
	    def.telem = hdr_rec.record(idx).svalue();
	    def.telem_comment = hdr_rec.record(idx).comment();
	}

	/* カラムを追加(ヘッダの更新はしない) */
	this->_append_cols(defs);

    }

    /* check NAXIS1 value */
    bytes_per_row = 0;    /* row あたりのバイト数 */
    for ( i=0 ; i < this->col_size_rec ; i++ ) {
	bytes_per_row += this->col(i).elem_byte_length();
    }

    if ( bytes_per_row != naxis1 ) {
	err_report(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR","invalid NAXIS1 value");
	goto quit;
    }

    /* 部分読みの指定がある場合は，区間指定の文字列をパースする*/
    if ( section_to_read != NULL ) {
	if ( parse_section_expression(section_to_read, &section_info) < 0 ) {
	    err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"WARNING",
	           "syntax error in expression '%s'; ignored",section_to_read);
	    section_to_read = NULL;
	}
    }

    /* 必要なカラムをマークする */
    if ( 0 < section_info.begin.length() || 
	 0 < section_info.sel_cols.length() ) {
	try {
	    flag_required.resize(this->col_size_rec);
	}
	catch ( ... ) {
	    err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","flag_required.resize() failed");
	}
	/* [1:10] のような区間で，範囲に入らない場合は警告を出す */
	if ( section_info.sel_cols.length() == 0 ) {
	    if ( section_info.begin[0] + section_info.length[0] < 1 ||
		 this->col_size_rec <= section_info.begin[0] ) {
		err_report(__FUNCTION__,"WARNING",
	      "expression indicates out of range; no columns will be read");
	    }
	}
	for ( i=0 ; i < this->col_size_rec ; i++ ) {
	    bool hit = false;					/* 必要か ? */
	    /* [1:10] のような区間での選択 */
	    if ( section_info.sel_cols.length() == 0 ) {
		if ( section_info.begin[0] <= i &&
		     i < section_info.begin[0] + section_info.length[0] ) {
		    hit = true;
		}
	    }
	    /* [foo; bar; 3] のような列挙型での選択 */
	    else {
		const fits::table_def &def = this->cols_ptr_rec[i]->definition();
		tstring def_ttype;		/* ttype         */
		tarray_tstring def_talas;	/* talas         */
		bool match_ok = false;		/* マッチしたか? */
		size_t j;
		def_ttype.assign(def.ttype);
		if ( def.talas != NULL && def.talas[0] != '\0' ) {
		    def_talas.explode(def.talas,",",true).trim();
		}
		for ( j=0 ; j < section_info.sel_cols.length() ; j++ ) {
		    const tstring &col_pat = section_info.sel_cols[j];
		    bool c_del_flag = section_info.del_flag[j];
		    if ( c_del_flag == true || 
			 ( c_del_flag == false && hit == false ) ) {
			if ( def_ttype.strmatch(col_pat.cstr()) == 0 ) {
			    match_ok = true;
			}
			if ( section_info.digit_flag[j] == true ) {
			    if ( section_info.zero_indexed == true ) {
				if ( col_pat.atol() == i ) {
				    match_ok = true;
				}
			    }
			    else {
				if ( col_pat.atol() == i + 1 ) {
				    match_ok = true;
				}
			    }
			}
			if ( 0 < def_talas.length() ) {
			    size_t k;
			    for ( k=0 ; k < def_talas.length() ; k++ ) {
				if ( def_talas[k].strmatch(col_pat.cstr()) == 0 ) {
				    match_ok = true;
				}
			    }
			}
			if ( c_del_flag == false ) {
			    if ( match_ok == true ) {
				hit = true;
			    }
			}
			else {
			    /* 先頭に'-'がある場合 */
			    if ( match_ok == true ) {
				hit = false;
			    }
			    else {
				/* 最初の'-'記号だけは，全部からの除去とする */
				if ( j == 0 ) {
				    hit = true;
				}
			    }
			}
		    }
		}
	    }
	    flag_required[i] = hit;
	}	/* for () ... */
    }


    /* 2次元目の指定がある場合，部分的な行だけ読むよう設定 */
    if ( 1 < section_info.begin.length() ) {
	bool fixed_vals = false;
	/* 範囲を修正する */
	if ( section_info.length[1] == FITS::ALL ) {
	    if ( section_info.begin[1] < 0 ) {
		section_info.begin[1] = 0;
		fixed_vals = true;
	    }
	    section_info.length[1] = naxis2 - section_info.begin[1];
	}
	/* 指定領域がはみ出している場合の処置 */
	if ( section_info.begin[1] < 0 ) {
	    if ( section_info.begin[1] + section_info.length[1] <= 0 ) {
		/* 読むべき長さはゼロ */
		section_info.length[1] = 0;
	    }
	    else {
		/* 読むべき長さを小さくする */
		section_info.length[1] += section_info.begin[1];
	    }
	    section_info.begin[1] = 0;
	    fixed_vals = true;
	}
	else if ( naxis2 <= section_info.begin[1] ) {
	    section_info.begin[1] = 0;
	    section_info.length[1] = 0;
	}
	if ( naxis2 < section_info.begin[1] + section_info.length[1]) {
	    section_info.length[1] = naxis2 - section_info.begin[1];
	    fixed_vals = true;
	}
	main_bytes_to_skip0 = bytes_per_row * section_info.begin[1];
	main_bytes_to_read = bytes_per_row * section_info.length[1];
	main_bytes_to_skip1 = 
	    bytes_per_row * (naxis2 - (section_info.begin[1] + section_info.length[1]));
	naxis2_obj = section_info.length[1];
	/* 範囲に入らない場合は警告を出す */
	if ( section_info.length[1] == 0 ) {
	    err_report(__FUNCTION__,"WARNING",
		    "expression indicates out of range; no rows will be read");
	}
	else if ( fixed_vals == true ) {
	    tstring rng_str;
	    if ( section_info.zero_indexed == false ) {
		rng_str.printf("[%ld:%ld] (ROW)",
		    (long)(section_info.begin[1] + 1),
		    (long)(section_info.begin[1] + section_info.length[1]));
	    }
	    else {
		rng_str.printf("(%ld:%ld) (ROW)",
		   (long)(section_info.begin[1]),
		   (long)(section_info.begin[1] + section_info.length[1] - 1));
	    }
	    err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"NOTICE", 
			"fixed range to %s",rng_str.cstr());
	}
    }
    /* 全部の行を読むよう設定 */
    else {
	main_bytes_to_skip0 = 0;
	main_bytes_to_read = bytes_per_row * naxis2;
	main_bytes_to_skip1 = 0;
	naxis2_obj = naxis2;
    }

    len_main_heap = (bytes_per_row * naxis2) + heap_length;
    if ( (len_main_heap % FITS::FILE_RECORD_UNIT) != 0 ) {
	len_padding = FITS::FILE_RECORD_UNIT
	    - (len_main_heap % FITS::FILE_RECORD_UNIT);
    }
    else {
	len_padding = 0;
    }

    if ( flag_required.length() == 0 ) {
	this->resize_rows(naxis2_obj);
    }
    else {
	for ( i=0 ; i < this->col_size_rec ; i++ ) {
	    if ( flag_required[i] != false ) {
		this->cols_ptr_rec[i]->_resize(naxis2_obj);
	    }
	}
	this->row_size_rec = naxis2_obj;
    }

    /*
     * skip 0 for main table
     */
    if ( 0 < main_bytes_to_skip0 ) {
	size_t len_to_skip = main_bytes_to_skip0;
	ssize_t len_skiped;

	/* 読めるバイト数が制限されている場合 */
	if ( max_bytes_ptr != NULL &&
	     (*max_bytes_ptr) < total_read_len + len_to_skip ) {
	    len_to_skip = (*max_bytes_ptr) - total_read_len;
	}

	try {
	    len_skiped = sref.rskip(len_to_skip);
	}
	catch (...) {
	    err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","unexpected exception");
	}
	if ( len_skiped < 0 || (size_t)len_skiped != len_to_skip ) {
	    err_report(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR","sref.rskip() failed");
	    goto quit;
	}

	total_read_len += len_skiped;
    }

    /*
     * read main table of all or selected part
     */
    if ( 0 < main_bytes_to_read ) {
	size_t blklen_to_read = main_bytes_to_read;
	mdarray read_buffer(1, true);
	size_t read_buffer_size;
	size_t blklen_read;
	long target_row_idx;

	/* 読めるバイト数が制限されている場合 */
	if ( max_bytes_ptr != NULL &&
	     (*max_bytes_ptr) < total_read_len + blklen_to_read ) {
	    blklen_to_read = (*max_bytes_ptr) - total_read_len;
	}

	/* 一時バッファのサイズを決定 */
	if ( DEFAULT_READ_BUFFER_SIZE < bytes_per_row ) {
	    read_buffer_size = bytes_per_row;
	}
	else {
	    long u = DEFAULT_READ_BUFFER_SIZE / bytes_per_row;
	    read_buffer_size = bytes_per_row * u;
	}

	try {
	    read_buffer.resize(read_buffer_size);
	}
	catch ( ... ) {
	    err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","read_buffer.resize() failed");
	}

	blklen_read = 0;
	target_row_idx = 0;
	while ( blklen_read < blklen_to_read ) {
	    size_t len_to_read;
	    ssize_t len_read;
	    long nrow, off;
	    if ( blklen_read + read_buffer_size <= blklen_to_read ) {
		len_to_read = read_buffer_size;
	    }
	    else {
		len_to_read = blklen_to_read - blklen_read;
	    }
	    nrow = len_to_read / bytes_per_row;
	    try {
		len_read = sref.read(read_buffer.data_ptr(), len_to_read);
	    }
	    catch (...) {
		err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","unexpected exception");
	    }
	    if ( len_read < 0 || (size_t)len_read != len_to_read ) {
		err_report(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR","sref.read() failed");
		goto quit;
	    }
	    blklen_read += len_read;
	    nrow = len_read / bytes_per_row;

	    off = 0;
	    for ( i=0 ; i < nrow ; i++ ) {
		long j;
		for ( j=0 ; j < this->col_size_rec ; j++ ) {
		    fits_table_col *colp;
		    colp = this->cols_ptr_rec[j];
		    if ( colp->data_ptr_rec != NULL ) {
			colp->data_rec.putdata( read_buffer.data_ptr(off),
						colp->elem_byte_length(),
						0, target_row_idx );
		    }
		    off += colp->elem_byte_length();
		}
		target_row_idx ++;
	    }
	}
	/* free buffer */
	read_buffer.resize(0);

	/* adjust endian of table part */
	this->reverse_endian();

	total_read_len += blklen_read;
    }

    rest_skip = 0;		/* まとめて rskip するためのキューのリセット */

    /*
     * skip 1 for main table
     */
    if ( 0 < main_bytes_to_skip1 ) {
	size_t len_to_skip = main_bytes_to_skip1;

	/* 読めるバイト数が制限されている場合 */
	if ( max_bytes_ptr != NULL &&
	     (*max_bytes_ptr) < total_read_len + len_to_skip ) {
	    len_to_skip = (*max_bytes_ptr) - total_read_len;
	}

	rest_skip += len_to_skip;

	total_read_len += len_to_skip;
    }

    /*
     * reading heap area
     */

    if ( 0 < reserved_area_length ) {
	size_t len_to_skip = reserved_area_length;

	/* 読めるバイト数が制限されている場合 */
	if ( max_bytes_ptr != NULL &&
	     (*max_bytes_ptr) < total_read_len + len_to_skip ) {
	    len_to_skip = (*max_bytes_ptr) - total_read_len;
	}

	rest_skip += len_to_skip;

	total_read_len += len_to_skip;
    }

    if ( 0 < (heap_length - reserved_area_length) ) {
	size_t len_to_read = (heap_length - reserved_area_length);
	ssize_t len_read;

	/* 読めるバイト数が制限されている場合 */
	if ( max_bytes_ptr != NULL &&
	     (*max_bytes_ptr) < total_read_len + len_to_read ) {
	    len_to_read = (*max_bytes_ptr) - total_read_len;
	}

	/* alloc heap buffer and read heap data */
	try {
	    this->heap_rec.resize( (heap_length - reserved_area_length) );
	}
	catch (...) {
	    err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL", "heap buffer allocation failed");
	}
	/* rest_skip に溜っている分を一気に rskip する   */
	if ( 0 < rest_skip ) {
	    ssize_t len_skiped;
	    try {
		len_skiped = sref.rskip(rest_skip);
	    }
	    catch (...) {
		err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","unexpected exception");
	    }
	    if ( len_skiped < 0 || (size_t)len_skiped != rest_skip ) {
		err_report(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR","sref.rskip() failed");
		goto quit;
	    }
	    rest_skip = 0;
	}
	try {
	    len_read = sref.read(this->heap_rec.data_ptr(), len_to_read);
	}
	catch (...) {
	    err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","unexpected exception");
	}
	if ( len_read < 0 || (size_t)len_read != len_to_read ) {
	    err_report(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR", "sref.read() failed");
	    goto quit;
	}

	total_read_len += len_read;
    }

    /*
     * skip pad
     */
    if ( 0 < len_padding ) {
	size_t len_to_skip = len_padding;

	/* 読めるバイト数が制限されている場合 */
	if ( max_bytes_ptr != NULL &&
	     (*max_bytes_ptr) < total_read_len + len_to_skip ) {
	    len_to_skip = (*max_bytes_ptr) - total_read_len;
	}

	rest_skip += len_to_skip;

	total_read_len += len_to_skip;
    }

    /* rest_skip に溜っている分を一気に rskip する   */
    /* (最後の読むべきHDUの場合はここは実行されない) */
    if ( is_last_hdu == false ) {
	if ( 0 < rest_skip ) {
	    ssize_t len_skiped;
	    try {
		len_skiped = sref.rskip(rest_skip);
	    }
	    catch (...) {
		err_throw(__FUNCTION__,"FATAL","unexpected exception");
	    }
	    if ( len_skiped < 0 || (size_t)len_skiped != rest_skip ) {
		err_report(__FUNCTION__,"ERROR","sref.rskip() failed");
		goto quit;
	    }
	    rest_skip = 0;
	}
    }

    /* 不要なカラムを削除する */
    if ( 0 < flag_required.length() ) {
	for ( i=this->col_size_rec ; 0 < i ; ) {
	    i--;
	    if ( flag_required[i] == false ) {
		this->erase_cols(i,1);
	    }
	}
    }

    /* ASCII テーブルの場合，ゴミが保存されてる事があるので，
       未使用部を ' ' で埋める */
    if ( load_ate == true ) {
	tstring fval;
	for ( i=0 ; i < this->col_length() ; i++ ) {
	    const fits::table_def &def = this->col(i).definition();
	    int width = fval.assign(def.tdisp).atoi(1);
	    if ( 0 < width && width < this->col(i).elem_byte_length() ) {
		long j;
		for ( j=0 ; j < this->row_length() ; j++ ) {
		    tstring tval;
		    const char *v = this->col(i).string_value(j);
		    tval.assign(v).put(width,' ',
				       this->col(i).elem_byte_length() - width);
		    this->col(i).assign_string(tval.cstr(),j);
		}
	    }
	}
    }

    /* 
     * 文字列カラムに対する TNULL の追加処理
     *
     * FITSヘッダには "" であろうが "           " であろうが 
     * '        '
     * のように(8文字で)保存される．空白文字を NULL 値に使うには，
     * あらかじめリサイズしておく必要がある．2011/12/1
     */
    for ( i=0 ; i < this->col_length() ; i++ ) {
	if ( this->col(i).type() == FITS::STRING_T ) {
	    tstring keyword;
	    long idx;
	    keyword.assignf("TNULL%ld",i+1);
	    idx = hdr_rec.index(keyword.cstr());
	    if ( 0 <= idx ) {
		fits::table_def_all def;
		tstring tmpval;
		tmpval.assign(hdr_rec.record(idx).value());
		if ( 2 < tmpval.length() ) {
		    tmpval.trim("'");
		    tmpval.rtrim(" ");	/* 右側の空白のみ除去 */
		    if ( (long)(tmpval.length()) <= this->col(i).bytes() ) {
			tmpval.resize(this->col(i).bytes());
		    }
		    else {
			/* NULL値の長さがデカすぎる場合は警告を出す */
			err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"WARNING",
				    "too long TNULL string value : [%s].",
				    tmpval.cstr());
		    }
		    /* update */
		    def = this->col(i).definition_all();
		    def.tnull = tmpval.cstr();
		    //err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"DEBUG", "TNULL = [%s]",def.tnull);
		    this->col(i)._define(def);
		    //def = this->col(i).definition_all();
		    //err_report1(__FUNCTION__,"DEBUG", "TNULL = [%s]",def.tnull);
		}
	    }
	}
    }

    /* row の反転処理 */
    if ( 1 < section_info.begin.length() ) {
	if ( section_info.flip_flag[1] == true ) {
	    this->flip_rows(0, this->row_length());
	}
    }

    return_val = total_read_len;
 quit:
    return return_val;
}

/** 
 * @brief  shallow copy が可能かを返す (未実装)
 * 
 * @return  shallow copyが可能なら真<br>
 *          それ以外の時は偽
 * @note  このメンバ関数は private です
 */
bool fits_table::request_shallow_copy( fits_table *from_obj ) const
{
    return false;
}

/** 
 * @brief  shallow copy をキャンセルする (未実装)
 * 
 * @note  このメンバ関数は private です
 */
void fits_table::cancel_shallow_copy( fits_table *from_obj ) const
{
    return;
}

/**
 * @brief  自身について，shallow copy 関係のクリーンアップを行なう (未実装)
 * 
 * @note  このメンバ関数は private です
 */
void fits_table::cleanup_shallow_copy( bool do_deep_copy_for_this ) const
{
    return;
}


#include "private/write_stream_or_get_csum.cc"

}	/* namespace sli */